Isakhiwo sohlaka lwamathambo ofudu, izici zomgogodla nogebhezi

Esinye sezakhamuzi zasendulo zeplanethi, izimfudu zingabamele isigaba seChordata, esinomgogodla owenziwe ngokugcwele. I-skeleton inesakhiwo esingavamile: ngaphezu kwamathambo amakhulu, kukhona igobolondo elixhunywe ohlelweni lwangaphakathi lwamathambo. Igobolondo alilona igobolondo langaphandle, kodwa igobolondo eliqinile elivikelayo elingakwazi ukuhlukaniswa nomzimba. Lapho kwakheka uhlaka lwamathambo, izindwani zehlombe nezimbambo “zikhula zibe igobolondo.” Sekukonke, uhlaka lwamathambo ofudu luwumklamo oyingqayizivele okufanele ucatshangelwe ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukwakheka kwamathambo

Wonke uhlaka lwamathambo ofudu luhlukaniswe ngokwemibandela lwaba yizingcezu ezi-3:

• ugebhezi, olwakhiwe yi-cranium, imihlathi kanye ne-hyoid apparatus;
• i-axial skeleton, ehlanganisa igobolondo, i-vertebrae namathambo abizayo;
• i-appendicular skeleton, kuhlanganise nezitho, amathambo esifuba kanye ne-pelvis.

Isilwane esihuquzelayo siyaphuza ngoba sidla utshani (izinhlobo eziningi) ezingatholakala kalula. Futhi asikho isidingo sokubalekela izilwane ezidla ezinye: igobolondo eliqinile liyisivikelo esithembekile ngokumelene nezitha. Ufudu luyakwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha, kodwa uhlaka lwamathambo lusinda ekunyakazeni okusebenzayo.

Ingabe ufudu luwumgogodla noma isilwane esingenamgogodla?

Iqiniso lokuthi ufudu luyisilwane esinomgogodla singabonakala ngokuhlola ukwakheka komgogodla. Iminyango yayo ifana neyezilwane ezincelisayo: lezi ziyi-cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral kanye ne-caudal.

I-turtle inama-vertebrae angu-8 omlomo wesibeletho, lapho ama-2 angaphambili axhunywe ngokunyakazayo, okuvumela isilwane ukuthi sinyakaze ikhanda laso futhi silibeke ngaphansi kwegobolondo. Umnyango owenza umzimba (i-thoracic ne-lumbar) uxhunywe engxenyeni engenhla yegobolondo - i-carapace.

Isifunda se-thoracic siqala ngama-vertebrae amade axhunywe ku-sternum, enza i-ribcage ye-turtle.

Ama-vertebrae e-sacral enza izinqubo ze-lateral ezixhunywe emathanjeni e-pelvic. Umsila uqukethe ama-vertebrae angu-33, abonakala ngokuhamba okungavamile. Abesilisa banomsila omude kunabesifazane, ku-cloaca lapho i-oviduct itholakala khona. Uhlaka lwamathambo abesilisa nawo luncane: abesilisa “bancane” kunabesifazane.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa: Akunakwenzeka ukukhipha isilwane "endlini". Igobolondo lihlanganiswe ngokuphelele nohlaka lwamathambo. Iqukethe umgogodla kanye nengxenye yesifuba enezimbambo eziguquliwe. Okuhlukile yizimfudu ze-leatherback, lapho igobolondo lihlukaniswa khona nomgogodla futhi lakhiwe ngamapuleti amancane amathambo.

Uhlaka lwamathambo ekhanda

Ugebhezi lwekhanda lofudu lucwebile ngokuphelele. Iqukethe amathambo amaningi akha ilunga elingaguquki. Yakhiwa yiminyango emi-2: i-visceral ne-cerebral. Ingxenye ye-visceral iyahamba futhi iqukethe imihlathi kanye ne-sublingual apparatus.

Esikhundleni samazinyo, isilwane esihuquzelayo sinezimpondo ezibukhali emihlathini, eziphenduka zibe uqhwaku. Imihlathi ichazwa ngendlela enyakazayo futhi inemisipha enamandla, ngenxa yalokho amandla okucindezelwa kwemihlathi athuthukiswayo.

Ukwakheka kwezitho

Uma sicabangela ukwakheka kwehlombe kanye nebhande le-pelvic sisebenzisa isibonelo samathambo we-marsh turtle, khona-ke isakhiwo sabo esingavamile sibonakala ngokucacile:

• ibhande lehlombe lakhiwe kusuka kumathambo ama-3 amade, ama-radius;
• i-scapula, etholakala ngokuqondile, ifakwe ku-carapace ngosizo lwe-vertebra ye-thoracic;
• ibhande le-pelvic, elihlanganisa amathambo amakhulu ama-3 ahlotshaniswa nomgogodla kanye ne-carapace;
• amathambo e-iliac abekwe mpo adlulela ku-ischial kanye ne-pubic, enokuhlelwa okuvundlile.

Izici zesakhiwo sezitho ukuthi amathambo ezinqulwini namahlombe mafushane, kukhona amathambo ambalwa esihlakala, i-metatarsus, i-tarsus kanye ne-phalanges yeminwe. Lesi sakhiwo sijwayeleke kakhulu ezihuqubeni zasemhlabeni ezithembele eminweni.

Empilweni yasolwandle, amathambo eminwe anwetshiwe; bakha amapheshana adingekayo empilweni yasemanzini. Ezisikazi zisebenzisa amaphiko azo ukuze zize ogwini futhi zimbe imigodi lapho zizobekela khona amaqanda azo.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa: I-armored skeleton yakhelwe ngendlela yokuthi elinye lamalunga anyakazayo lisize “ukufihla” ngokuphelele zonke izingxenye zomzimba ngaphakathi lapho kusondela ingozi.

Isakhiwo segobolondo

Ukwakheka kohlaka lwamathambo ofudu lube nezinguquko ezinkulu ngenxa yokuba khona kwegobolondo. Lokhu kwakheka kwezimpondo kubalulekile esilwaneni futhi kudlala indima elandelayo:

• isindisa ekulimaleni;
• ivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye;
• igcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba ngokugcina ukushisa;
• ixhuma uhlaka lwamathambo ndawonye, ​​idale uhlaka lwamathambo oluyinhloko.

Esibonelweni sohlaka lwamathambo ofudu lwamaxhaphozi, kungabonakala ukuthi igobolondo lakhiwe amapuleti amathambo akhule ndawonye ukuze akhe izikhali eziqinile. Phakathi kwamapuleti kukhona uqwanga. Ngenxa yalokhu, isilwane esihuquzelayo singabamba isisindo esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-200 kwesisindo saso.

Uma ubheka uhlaka lwamathambo ofudu oluyingxenye, khona-ke igobolondo lakhiwa i-carapace egobile yomgogodla kanye ne-flatter ventral plastron. I-carapace yakhiwe ngama-horny scutes angu-38, futhi kukhona angu-16 kuwo e-plastron. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo nendlela yokuphila, inani elihlukile lamapuleti kanye nokuma kwegobolondo kwakhiwa.

I-carapace "isixhumanisi" ne-skeleton, kungukuthi izinqubo ze-vertebrae zifakwe, futhi umgogodla oqinile oqinile udlula ngaphansi kwawo. Ufudu lungokwezilwane ezihlukile ezinohlaka lwamathambo lwangaphandle nolwangaphakathi.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa: Igobolondo lifana nesihlangu esiqinile, esingangeneki. Kodwa ifakwe iziphetho zemizwa kanye nemithambo yegazi, ngakho lapho "indlu" ilimele, ufudu luzwa ubuhlungu.

Akhiwa kanjani uhlaka lwamathambo ofudu?

Kucatshangwa ukuthi okhokho basendulo bezimfudu babehlala e-Triassic yenkathi ye-Mesozoic, okungukuthi, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-220 edlule. Igobolondo lakhiwa ngezimbambo, futhi “idome” lamapuleti lakhula kancane kancane.

Omunye wokhokho bezinhlobo zesimanje i-Odontochelys semitestacea, eyisakhamuzi sasemanzini futhi yatholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina. Wayenamazinyo emihlathini.

Ukwakhiwa kwegobolondo akuzange kuqedwe: i-carapace yakhiwa izimbambo ezandisiwe, futhi i-plastron yayisivele ithatha ifomu layo lanamuhla. Isilwane esingavamile sasihlukaniswa ngengxenye yomsila omude kanye nezisekelo zamehlo ezi-oblong ngaphezulu kugebhezi. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi i-Odontochelys semitestacea yayihlala olwandle.

Ufudu luyiculo eliyingqayizivele elinegobolondo. Kungenxa yakhe ukuthi isilwane esihuquzelayo sinesimiso esingavamile samathambo kanye nohlaka lwamathambo "oluyinqaba". Uhlaka olunamandla luvumela ufudu ukuthi luzivumelanise nokuphila emanzini nasemhlabeni. Futhi manje umbuzo: ingabe ufudu lunawo umgogodla luyasuswa ku-ajenda.