Ukukhwehlela enjeni - izimbangela nendlela yokwelapha

Uma inja ikhwehlela - into esemqoka

1. Ukukhwehlela kuwuphawu lwesifo esiyisisekelo, esisebenza njenge-reflex evikelayo yokukhipha izinhlayiya zangaphandle ebusweni besimiso sokuphefumula.

2. Ukukhwehlela kubukeka njengokuphefumula okucijile okuphoqelekile lapho

   i-glottisIngxenye ye-anatomical ye-larynx.

3. Uhlobo lokukhwehlela luncike kwisifo esiwumsuka kanye nendawo yaso.

4. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zokukhwehlela ezinjeni yilezi: i-congenital pathologies yokuphefumula okuphezulu (ukuwa koqhoqhoqho,

   BCSI-Brachycephalic Obstructive Syndrome), izifo zemvelaphi ehlukahlukene (amagciwane, amagciwane, i-helminths, isikhunta), ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo kanye ne-oncology.

5. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuxilonga ukukhwehlela: ukuhlolwa ngudokotela wezilwane, ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray, ukuhlolwa kwegazi, ukuhlolwa okuqondile kwamagciwane, ukuhlolwa kwe-CT, i-bronchoscopy ngokuthatha i-washout evela emaphashini.

6. Ukwelashwa kokukhwehlela kuncike kwisifo esiwumsuka kanye nohlobo lwaso. Ngokuvamile kunqunywe: ama-antibiotics, ama-mucolytics noma izidakamizwa ze-antitussive, ama-bronchodilators, ama-inhalations, i-glucocorticosteroids. Kwezinye izimo (ukuwa, i-BCS), ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwa kuboniswa.

7. Ukuvimbela ukukhwehlela kwehlela ekugomeni kwaminyaka yonke, ukugwema i-hypothermia nokubhema ugwayi. I-Congenital pathologies ayikwazi ukuvinjelwa.

Ikhwehlela kanjani inja?

Abanye abantu bayazibuza - ingabe izinja zingakhwehlela? Yebo, inja ingakhwehlela. Ngokubukeka, ukukhwehlela kubukeka njengokuphelelwa yisikhathi okucijile okuphoqelekile nge-glottis evaliwe. Kuyindlela yokuzivikela yokukhipha izimfihlo kanye nezinhlayiya zangaphandle.

Ukukhwehlela kuvame ukwandulelwa wukuhogela okulandelwa wukukhipha umoya. Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi sokukhwehlela okuqinile kwe-paroxysmal, intamo yesilwane ilula futhi umzimba uyaqhaqhazela.

Kwesinye isikhathi abanikazi badida ukukhwehlela ne-reverse sneezing syndrome. Ukuhlehla ukuthimula kwenzeka lapho izinhlayiya zakwamanye amazwe zingena ku-larynx nolwanga oluthambile. Kungenzeka ukuthi uma ubona isilwane sakho esifuywayo sikhwehlela ngemva kokudla, kungukuthimula okuhlanekezelwe hhayi ukukhwehlela. Ukuhlehlisa ukuthimula kuyinqubo evamile yomzimba engadingi ukwelashwa uma i-syndrome ingavamile ukubuya. Uma ukuthimula okuhlanekezelwe kungapheli phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa, isilwane sakho kufanele sibonane nodokotela wezilwane.

Izinhlobo zokukhwehlela ezinjeni

Ukuze uqonde futhi uqonde izinhlobo zokukhwehlela, udinga ukukhumbula ukuthi uhlelo lokuphefumula luqukethe ini. Phela, uhlobo kanye nohlobo lwesifo ngokuqondile kuncike lapho i-reflex yokukhwehlela iqala khona.

Uhlelo lokuphefumula luhlukaniswe ngendlela engenhla yokuphefumula (i-nasal cavity, i-larynx, ingxenye ye-pharynx, trachea) kanye nomgudu wokuphefumula ophansi (i-bronchi namaphaphu).

Ama-receptors okukhwehlelaIqembu leziphetho zemizwa elibona izisusa ezingaphandle bese liziguqula zibe inzwa, ekugqugquzeleni lapho kukhiqizwa khona umfutho wezinzwa odlulisela ulwazi ebuchosheni, atholakala ku-larynx, trachea kanye ne-bronchi enkulu.

Ukukhwehlela kuchazwa kanje:

• Ngokukhiqiza;

• Ngokuphindaphinda;

• Imvelo;

• Ngokugeleza.

Ukukhiqiza kusho ukukhiqizwa kwesikhwehlela. Ukukhwehlela okungakhiqizi inja komile, ngaphandle kokukhishwa. Ukukhwehlela okukhiqizayo enjeni kumanzi, kunesikhwehlela.

Imvamisa yokukhwehlela ayivamile, ngezikhathi ezithile, kaningi.

Ngokwemvelo - okufushane, okude, i-paroxysmal.

I-Downstream - i-acute, i-subacute, ingapheli.

Kungani inja ikhwehlela - izizathu ezingu-9

Kungaba nezizathu eziningi. Sizobheka eziyisisekelo kakhulu:

1. I-pathologies yendlela yokuphefumula ephezulu ngenxa yokwephulwa kwesakhiwo se-anatomical yezitho - ukuwa koqhoqhoqho, i-BCS;

2. Ukutheleleka - i-bacterial, viral, helminthic, fungal;

3. Ukukhwehlela kwenhliziyo ngenxa yokwehluleka kwenhliziyo;

4. inqubo ye-oncological.

Ukugoqeka koqhoqhoqho

Isizathu esivamile sokukhwehlela ezinhlotsheni ezincane (York, Chihuahua, Pug) ukuwa kwe-trachea. Ukugoqeka koqhoqhoqho wukuncipha kweshubhu likaqhoqho kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yalo. Ipayipi likaqhoqhoqho lakhiwe amasongo kaqhoqhoqho. Ngesikhathi sokuwa, ingxenye yezindandatho iyanyakaza, yenza ukuncipha, okunciphisa ukungena komoya. Ukukhwehlela kuvela ngenxa yokuthi izindandatho ze-tracheal zithintana ngesikhathi sokunciphisa futhi zicasula ama-receptors okukhwehlela.

Ukukhwehlela ngesikhathi sokuwa kwe-trachea kungase kube ngemuva kokuvuswa ngokomzwelo, ukudonsa i-leash nokucindezela ikhola ye-trachea, ngenxa yokungena komoya obandayo. Futhi, isilwane singase siqale ukukhwehlela lapho siphuza amanzi. Kungaba kokubili ukukhwehlela okufushane okomile kanye ne-paroxysmal. Ngezinye izikhathi abanikazi baqhathanisa ukukhwehlela okunjalo nge-goose cackle - lokhu kuyisibonakaliso sesici se-trachea ewile.

Ukuwa kakhulu kungase kudinge ukwelashwa.

I-BCS syndrome

I-BCS - ingxenye yobuso efinyeziwe yogebhezi, okudala isithiyo emoyeni ohogelwayo. Lesi sifo senzeka kuma-Bulldogs amaFulentshi namaNgisi, amaPugs, amaGriffons, Shih Tzu, Pekingese, Boston Terriers, Spitz, Chihuahuas, Boxers.

Konke kuqala ngokungenabungozi ngamakhala amancane, kodwa esikhathini esizayo konke kungaphela

ukuqubuka kwe-bronchialUkunciphisa i-lumen ye-bronchi. Ukuwa kwe-bronchi kuyingozi ngoba izicubu zamaphaphu ziyeka ukusebenza ngendlela evamile, futhi isilwane sidonsa ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya-mpilo.

Iziguli ezinjalo zenza imisindo yokukhala, ukukhwehlela kakhulu. Imvamisa, abanikazi baqaphela ulwelwesi lwamafinyila bluish lomgodi womlomo.

Ngeshwa, akukho ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo, futhi ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuphendukela ekwelashweni kokuhlinzwa.

Ukutheleleka kwamagciwane

Amagciwane, njengasebantwini, angadala

i-tracheitisUkuvuvukala kwe-trachea, i-bronchitisUkuvuvukala kwe-bronchi и i-bronchopneumoniaI-pneumonia ezinjeni. Uphawu oluyinhloko lwalezi zifo ukukhwehlela. Izifo ezivame kakhulu yi-bacteria - staphylococci ne-streptococci.

Inja enesifo esibangelwa amagciwane ivame ukukhwehlela, ngezinye izikhathi ize icishe ivale umlomo. I-gag reflex yenzeka ngokukhwehlela okuqinile, lapho umzimba wonke uqhaqhazela, futhi ama-receptors okuhlanza ayacasuka.

Nge-bronchopneumonia, isilwane esifuywayo sikhwehlela kuze kube se-hoarseness, izinga lokushisa lomzimba liyakhuphuka. Lesi sifo sihambisana nokukhathala, ukunganaki, ukuphefumula kanzima kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesikhwehlela.

Ukutheleleka ngegciwane

Izifo eziningi ezibangelwa amagciwane zingaphazamisa isimiso sokuphefumula futhi zibangele ukukhwehlela. Izifo ezivame kakhulu yilezi: i-canine adenovirus type 2, i-canine respiratory coronavirus, i-canine influenza virus, i-canine herpesvirus, i-canine pneumovirus, igciwane le-canine parainfluenza. Kwezinye izifo, ungavikela isilwane ngokugoma okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokumelene nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Ukukhwehlela kuqala ngokushubile, ngokuthimula noma ngaphandle, futhi kuhambisana nokuphuma kwamafinyila embotsheni yamakhala. Imvelo yokukhwehlela ngokuvamile inamandla, i-paroxysmal. Inja ayikwazi ukukhwehlela. Lapho isilwane sihlaselwa kanzima, sikhwehlela sengathi siyaklinywa. Kungase futhi kube nokukhwehlela nge-gag reflex. Isimo sesilwane sihambisana nokukhathala, ukunganaki futhi ngokuvamile ukwanda kokushisa komzimba.

Ukuhlasela kwe-helminth

Abanye

ukutheleleka kwe-helminthIsifo se-parasitic esibangelwa izikelemu ze-parasitic kungase futhi kuhambisane nokukhwehlela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lapho amaqanda e-helminth engena emathunjini, ukuthuthukiswa kwezigaba zezibungu kudlula ohlelweni lokuphefumula, bese kubuyela emuva emgudwini wokugaya ukudla. Isilwane esifuywayo sibonakala sikhafula okuthile futhi izibungu ziphinde zigwinywe ngamathe esiswini nasemathunjini. Ngokuvamile, lawa amagciwane. isikelemuI-Helminthiasis ebangelwa ama-hookworms angama-parasitic, i-toxocarosisUkuhlasela kwe-helminth okubangelwa i-helminths evela eqenjini lama-nematode.

Ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeRussia, lesi sifo sivame kakhulu

i-dirofilariasisIsifo se-parasitic esibangelwa i-Dirofilaria immitis. Muva nje, amacala okutheleleka nawo aqoshwe ezifundeni ezimaphakathi neRussia. Lesi yisifo se-helminth esisakazwa ngokulunywa omiyane. Umiyane oyedwa onegciwane wanele ukuthelela isilwane. Indawo ye-helminths yi-pulmonary artery, ephuma ku-ventricle efanele yenhliziyo iye emaphashini. Ngezinye izikhathi i-helminths ingabonakala nge i-echocardiography yenhliziyoI-Ultrasound yenhliziyo. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ama-parasites ahlala ezitsheni zamaphaphu, umsebenzi wabo obalulekile ubangela ukulimala okukhulu ku-bronchi namaphaphu.

Inja ene-dirofillariasis ihlale ikhwehlela, ukuphefumula kwayo kuba nzima, isilwane siyenqaba ukuzivocavoca. Lesi sifo asitheleleki kubantu.

Ukukhwehlela kwenhliziyo

Kuhambisana nokuhluleka kwenhliziyo. Kodwa udinga ukuqonda ukuthi ukukhwehlela kubonakala kuphela lapho amakamelo enhliziyo ekhulisiwe kakhulu futhi ecindezela i-bronchi ephezulu. Akukho ukukhwehlela ezigabeni zokuqala zokuhluleka kwenhliziyo.

Ngokuvamile izilwane ezifuywayo ezinesifo senhliziyo zikhwehlela ngemva kokulala. Kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-cardiogenic

i-edema yamapulmariUkukhishwa kwengxenye yoketshezi yegazi ku-alveoli yamaphaphu futhi kugcwalise amaphaphu ngoketshezi. isithombe sibukeka sihlukile - inja iphefumula kakhulu futhi ikhwehlela. Kulokhu, isilwane kufanele sibonise udokotela ngokushesha.

Ukusabela okweqile

Ukungezwani komzimba nakho kungabangela ukukhwehlela. I-allergies ingaba ekuqhakazeni kwezihlahla nezitshalo ngesizini, amakhemikhali asekhaya namakha. Ama-agent angaphandle (impova, izinhlayiya zamakhemikhali asekhaya), ukungena kulwelwesi lwamafinyila okuphefumula, kubangela ukusabela kokuvuvukala. Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kokusabela kokuvuvukala, indlela yokukhwehlela kanye ne-bronchospasm iqala.

Inja ingakwazi ukusula umphimbo wayo ngokushesha futhi inyakaze ekuhlaseleni.

izifo fungal

Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukukhwehlela kungabangelwa ukutheleleka kwefungal. Konke kungaqala ngokutheleleka kwendlela yokuphefumula ephezulu, futhi kuphele ngokulimala kwe-bronchi namaphaphu ngokuzivikela okubuthakathaka noma uma ukutheleleka kubangelwa.

Lapha kuyadingeka ukukhetha ukwelashwa okufanele futhi ukhethe i-antibiotic esebenzayo ngokumelene nesikhunta.

I-oncology

Ezilwaneni ezindala, imbangela yokukhwehlela ingaba

inqubo ye-oncologicalUkwakheka kwezimila ezimbi noma eziyingozi emaphashini. Amaphaphu angathinteka kokubili isimila esizimele kanye inqubo ye-metastaticIzimila zesibili ezikhula zisuka kumaseli esimila esiyinhlokouma isilonda sikwesinye isitho.

Ngokuvamile, inqubo ye-oncological emaphashini ihambisana nokukhululwa nokuqoqwa koketshezi emgodini wesifuba - i-hydrothorax. Iziguli ezinjalo ziphefumula kakhulu futhi zikhwehlela ngokushaya. Ngeshwa, uma uhlelo lokuphefumula luthintwa inqubo yesimila, ukubikezelwa kubi kakhulu. Ungasebenzisa kuphela i-symptomatic therapy okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza lula ukuphefumula kwesiguli.

Diagnostics

Ukuxilongwa kuqala ngokubonana nodokotela wezilwane. Uhlola isilwane esifuywayo, ahlole

i-tracheal reflexUkucindezelwa okuncane koqhoqhoqho, kuqhuba i-auscultation yesifubaUkulalela isifuba ngefonindoscope, i-palpation kanye ne-thermometry. Ngosizo lwe-auscultation, kungenzeka ukukhomba umnyango wesistimu yokuphefumula ukuze uqonde imbangela yalesi sifo.

Futhi, ungakhohlwa mayelana nokuhlaziywa. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi lomtholampilo kungabonisa izimpawu zenqubo yokuvuvukala, i-anemia, i-helminthic kanye nokungezwani komzimba. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kwe-biochemical kuyadingeka kakhulu ukuhlola isimo sesibindi nezinso ukuze kunqunywe ama-antibiotics.

Ukuhlaziya okuqondile (

I-PCRI-Polymerase chain reaction, I-ELISAUkuhlolwa okuhlanganisiwe kwe-immunosorbent, BENZAUkuhlaziywa kwe-Immunochromatographic) ikuvumela ukuthi wenze ukuxilonga okunembile kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye namagciwane. Banquma i-pathogen ngezingxenye ezithile zamaprotheni zegazi.

Lapho ukhwehlela, kufanelekile ukwenza i-x-ray yesifuba ngezindlela ezimbili: okuqondile kanye ne-lateral.

Lokhu kuzonquma izinga lokulimala kwezitho zesistimu yokuphefumula futhi kwenze ukuxilongwa. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka ukuxilonga okwengeziwe okuyinkimbinkimbi:

Ukuhlolwa kwe-CTI-tomography ebaliwe, i-bronchoscopy ngokuthatha i-bronchoalveolar lavage.

I-CT scan ibhekwa njengefundisa kakhulu kune-X-ray, njengoba ivumela ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwemvelo nezinga lomonakalo enqubweni ye-pathological. Futhi, lolu cwaningo lusetshenziselwa izimo eziphikisanayo, lapho i-x-ray eyodwa inganele ukwenza ukuxilongwa, isibonelo, ngokuwa kwe-trachea noma ukuhlolwa kwenqubo ye-oncological emaphashini.

I-bronchoscopy ngokuthatha i-bronchoalveolar lavage iyinqubo yokuxilonga eyenziwa ngokwethula idivayisi ekhethekile yevidiyo (i-endoscope) nesisombululo se-isotonic sodium chloride ku-bronchi nasemaphashini. I-bronchoscopy ikuvumela ukuthi uhlole isimo sesistimu yokuphefumula kusuka ngaphakathi. Isixazululo sijova ku-bronchi nasemaphashini bese sikhishwa. Kamuva, ukugeza kuthunyelwa ukuze kuhlaziywe ukuze kuqondwe ukwakheka kwamaseli akhishiwe futhi kuhlonzwe i-agent causative yesifo. Le nqubo isiza ukwenza ukuxilongwa okunembile, futhi ulwazi lwe-pathogen lukuvumela ukuthi ukhethe ukwelashwa.

Yini okufanele uyenze uma inja ikhwehlela?

Kulesi sigaba, ngizokutshela ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi ungayiphatha kanjani inja ngokukhwehlela futhi kanjani.

Ngomlingiswa owomile kanye nohlobo oluncane lokukhwehlela, amalungiselelo e-antitussive aqukethe i-butamirate - i-Sinekod kumaconsi, isiraphu kanye namaphilisi e-Omnitus anele. Le nto ivimba isikhungo sokukhwehlela ebuchosheni.

Nge-bronchitis yemvelo yokungezwani komzimba, i-inhalations ye-Seretide 125 + 25 mcg (ivimbela i-bronchospasm futhi inomphumela wokulwa nokuvuvukala) noma i-Flixotide 125 mcg (evimbela i-bronchospasm) isetshenziswa. Isici esiyingqayizivele sokusetshenziswa kokuhogela ezilwaneni ukusetshenziswa

spacerIdivayisi yokuhogela – isisetshenziswa esikhethekile lapho kugxilwe khona into esebenzayo, okumele isiguli siyihogele. Ungasebenzisa futhi i-inhalation nge i-nebulizerIdivayisi yokuhogela.

Ama-antibiotics asetshenziswa uma kukhona ukutheleleka kwebhaktheriya. Zinqunyelwe, njengomthetho, amaviki angu-3-4 futhi zikhanseliwe kuphela ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kukadokotela oya khona. Njengoba ngokukhansela kusenesikhathi, kungenzeka ukukhulisa i-microflora yebhaktheriya ezinzile futhi izidakamizwa ngeke zisasebenza. Imvamisa, ama-antibiotic asesimweni sethebhulethi yochungechunge lwe-amoxicillin (Sinulox), uchungechunge lwe-doxycycline (Unidox Solutab, Ronaxan, Doxifin) noma i-fluoroquinolones (i-Marfloxin) isetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nemijovo ye-cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin).

Njengomuthi wokukhwehlela wezinja, ama-expectorants nawo asetshenziswa ngendlela emanzi - isiraphu ye-ACC, i-Lazolvan.

Kwezinye izimo, i-systemic glucocorticosteroids isetshenziswa - i-Prednisolone, i-Dexamethasone. Lezi yizidakamizwa ze-hormonal ezinemiphumela yokulwa nokuvuvukala ngenxa yokucindezelwa kwamasosha omzimba. Kodwa ziphikisana lapho kukhona ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo.

Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zokuwa kwe-tracheal noma i-BCS, ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwa kuboniswa.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi uma ukukhwehlela kwesilwane esifuywayo kungapheli phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, lokhu kuyisizathu sokubona udokotela wezilwane.

Uma umdlwane ukhwehlela

Kungani umdlwane ungakhwehlela? Kungase futhi kube nezizathu eziningi, kodwa ikakhulukazi lezi izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane noma amagciwane asakazwa ngamaconsi ahamba emoyeni. Uma ubona ukukhwehlela kumdlwane wakho, kufanele umyise ngokushesha kudokotela wezilwane. Enganeni, lokhu kungaba yingozi izikhathi eziningi kunesilwane esikhulile.

Futhi, izingane zinezinkinga zenhliziyo ezizalwa nazo, okunikeza izinkinga ohlelweni lokuphefumula futhi kubangele ukuthuthukiswa kokukhwehlela.

Ukuvimbela ukukhwehlela ezinjeni

Ukuze uvimbele ukukhwehlela esilwaneni sakho, kufanele:

1. Yenza ukugoma kwaminyaka yonke ngokumelene nezifo ezinkulu ezibangelwa amagciwane;

2. Gwema i-hypothermia yenja;

3. Ungabhemi eduze kwesilwane sakho futhi ugweme amakhemikhali asekhaya anephunga elinamandla namakha;

4. Gwema ukuthintana ngenkathi uhamba nezilwane ezingajwayelekile - ungangenwa igciwane, ngoba, ngeshwa, akukaze kube nesiqinisekiso sokuthi abanye abanikazi bazophatha izilwane ezifuywayo ngokwethembeka.

5. I-Congenital pathology - ukuwa kwe-trachea ne-BCS - ngeshwa, ayikwazi ukuvinjelwa.

Ngezimpawu zokukhwehlela, ngaphandle kokuqinisa, udinga ukuthatha isilwane ku-aphoyintimenti nodokotela wezilwane.

isifinyezo ithebula

Ngezansi itafula lesifinyezo - ukukhwehlela enja: izimbangela, izimpawu, ukwelashwa.

Izimpendulo zemibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Imithombo:

1. Ivanov VP "Veterinary Clinical radiology", 2014, amakhasi 624.