Umdlavuza ezinjeni: izimpawu ze-oncology kanye nokwelashwa

Amafomu omdlavuza

Amathumba (ama-neoplasms) awawona umdlavuza. Balungile futhi bayingozi.

Ama-Benign tumors awabangeli umonakalo omkhulu emzimbeni, akhula kancane futhi alinganiselwe, futhi awasabeli kwezinye izitho.

Izimila eziyingozi zinolaka futhi zihlangene zibizwa ngokuthi umdlavuza noma i-neoplasia. Zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, zithinte izicubu eziseduze, futhi zilahle kalula amanye amangqamuzana azo. Ngokugeleza kwegazi, zithwalwa kuwo wonke umzimba, okuholela ekutheni kube nama-metastases kwezinye izitho, futhi ngaphandle kokwelashwa, umzimba uyafa.

Ku-embryogenesis (inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kombungu), wonke amangqamuzana ayafana, abese ehlukanisa (ahlukanise) ngokushesha nje lapho ethuthela esithweni esifunayo noma endaweni yokuvuthwa, ethola umsebenzi wawo futhi enze umsebenzi wesitho - isibindi, izinso, imizwa, umsipha, inhliziyo, njll.

Lapho lesi sifo senzeka, amangqamuzana aphindaphindeka ngendlela engafanele: ngendlela yokuthi ingqamuzana lingathuthuki libe sesimeni esivuthiwe, futhi inja ihlakulela isimila esixukwini lala maseli angavuthiwe.

Uhlobo lomdlavuza luzoncika ohlotsheni lweseli ehlulekayo.

Noma yiliphi iseli elivamile kunoma yisiphi isitho lingazalwa kabusha libe yingqamuzana lomdlavuza ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Umdlavuza Wesibindi Ezinjeni

Imvamisa, izimila zesibindi azilungile, noma kunjalo, kukhona nomdlavuza ezinjeni, ezitholakala kulesi sitho. I-Hepatocellular carcinoma iyithumba elivela kuma-hepatocytes ngokwawo, uhlobo olunolaka kakhulu, njengoba lingathinta yonke indawo yesitho kanye ne-parenchyma (izakhi zamaselula ezikhethekile zesitho ngasinye). Ayishadile futhi inkulu. Noma kungase kube nezimila eziningi ezincane ezisakazeke esibindini.

Isibindi siyisisefo esiyinhloko somzimba, futhi lonke igazi lidlula kuso ukuze lihlanzwe, yingakho amangqamuzana omdlavuza angena egazini ngokushesha futhi kalula amila kulesi sitho.

Umdlavuza wesikhumba

Umdlavuza wesikhumba ovame ukubikwa ezinjeni i-adenocarcinoma. Kukhona amangqamuzana e-glandular esikhumbeni, futhi lapho eguquka, i-adenocarcinoma iqala. Lawa amaqhuqhuva amancane aminyene emzimbeni aphakamisa isikhumba phezulu, avame ukopha kakhulu, ashintshe ukuma futhi akhule abe ukushuba kwemisipha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-squamous cell carcinomas (melanomas) kanye ne-histiocytomas kungenzeka. I-Melanoma inokubonakala kwensumpa yesiqu esimnyama, ebonakala ngokukhula ngokushesha kanye ne-metastasis. I-Histiocytomas yizimila ezitholakala kubantu abasha. Esikhumbeni, kubukeka njengesilonda, lapho isisindo se-tumor ngokwaso sikhula ebukhulu besikhumba. Lokhu ukwakheka okuhle okungabeki usongo olukhulu empilweni yenja. .

Umdlavuza Wamaphaphu Ezinjeni

Ama-neoplasia (ama-neoplasms) emaphashini angaba yisifo esizimele, kodwa ayivelakancane kakhulu. Benza iphutha nge-bronchopneumonia futhi belashwa ngama-antibiotics, okuyinto engabangeli umphumela omuhle. Umdlavuza wamaphaphu oyinhloko ezinjeni ungavela kumaseli e-bronchial epithelial noma amaseli e-alveoli ngokwawo.

Ama-metastase amaphaphu avame kakhulu ezinjeni avela kwamanye ama-neoplasia emzimbeni. Ngokugeleza kwe-lymph, amangqamuzana e-tumor angena emaphashini futhi aqale ukukhula, athinta izicubu eziseduze, ngenxa yokuthi isilwane asikwazi ukuphefumula ngenxa yalokho.

umdlavuza wamathumbu

Umdlavuza wamathumbu ezinjeni uvame ukuvela njengendandatho ezungeze indawo ethile yamathumbu amakhulu noma amancane, wehlise i-lumen yawo futhi wenze kube nzima ukuthi ukudla nendle kudlule kuwo. Ngakho-ke, izimpawu ezithile zomdlavuza wamathumbu enja zivela: ukuhlanza, ubuhlungu, ukuqunjelwa okungapheli.

Isithombe somtholampilo salesi sifo sifana nokuthuthukiswa kokuvinjelwa kwamathumbu. Okuvame kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni, i-lymphosarcoma. Kodwa-ke, abelusi baseJalimane besilisa, ama-Boxers kanye nama-Collies basengozini yokuthuthukisa i-adenocarcinomas.

umdlavuza wesisu wenja

Umdlavuza wesisu ezinjeni, ngokocwaningo lwanamuhla, awuvamile kakhulu. Awedluli u-1% wezimila okuhlangatshezwane nazo. Uma, noma kunjalo, kutholakala isimila esiswini esilwaneni esifuywayo, khona-ke ngokuvamile i-adenocarcinoma noma i-lymphoma. Izimpawu zalesi sifo ziyefana ne-gastritis. Okuthandwa kakhulu kubo yizinhlobo ezifana ne-chow-chow, i-bull terriers, i-collies, i-staffordshire terriers. Lesi sifo sivamile ezinjeni ezindala.

Umdlavuza Wesizalo Ezinjeni

Umdlavuza wesibeletho ukhula ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwe-hormonal, izinqubo zokuvuvukala okungapheli esibelethweni, ukubeletha okungalawulwa ezinjeni, ukukhulelwa okungamanga, ama-ovarian cysts. Kukhona ama-sarcomas nama-fibrosarcoma esibelethweni. Wonke ama-bitches angenalutho ahlelwe ngaphambili engxenyeni yesibili yokuphila.

Ukucasula ukuthuthukiswa kwesimila kungathatha izidakamizwa ze-hormonal noma ukutheleleka ngegciwane. Isibonelo, i-venereal sarcoma ithinta ikakhulukazi i-vulva ne-vagin, futhi ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngokuthintana nesinye isitho sangasese esinegciwane - ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kuthinte ikhala, izindebe, namehlo uma inja iye yahogela noma ikhotha ingquza enegciwane. Lolu hlobo lomdlavuza luvela kwigciwane.

Umdlavuza wegazi

I-leukemia yisifo segazi esiyingozi eseqenjini lomdlavuza. Iguqula igazi namaseli e-lymph, umnkantsha. Amangqamuzana avikelayo ajikeleza egazini - ama-lymphocyte, alwa namagciwane kanye nama-bacteria ahlangene endleleni yomzimba. Ngenxa yomdlavuza wegazi, la maseli awakhiqizwa, futhi umzimba wesilwane awukwazi ukuzivikela kunoma iyiphi ingozi evela ngaphandle.

Izimpawu zomdlavuza wegazi ezinjeni ukunganaki, ukukhathala, ukulahlekelwa ukudla. Ngokuvamile kukhona ukwanda kwama-lymph nodes, khona-ke ukwehluleka kwezitho eziningi (ukusabela kokucindezeleka komzimba) kukhula, ulwelwesi lwamafinyila luba phuzi, i-anemia kanye nokopha ngezinye izikhathi kuyaphawulwa.

umdlavuza webele

Umdlavuza webele ezinjeni uwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwesifo. Akuvamile ukubonwa kwabesilisa, kodwa kuvame kwabesifazane abangasterilized. Ayinayo i-predisposition yohlobo, ngokuvamile ivela kubantu abadala. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zama-sarcomas nama-carcinomas. Okokuqala, ukwakheka okuncane okuminyene kuzwakala ku-mammary gland yenja, ikhula kancane kancane futhi ingasakazeka kumaphakheji angomakhelwane wezindlala ze-mammary. Cishe ingxenye yezigameko ze-neoplasia ezinjeni zisakazekela emaphashini.

Umdlavuza we-prostate

Umdlavuza we-canine prostate kwenzeka kwabesilisa abangathenethiwe abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-7 ubudala. Bhalisa ngokuvamile i-adenocarcinoma - isimila esincike kumahomoni. Isikhathi eside, umdlavuza awubonakali kahle futhi umetastasize emathanjeni, emaphashini, nama-lymph nodes. Ngokuvamile, izinguquko ku-prostate gland zitholwa ngengozi futhi kakade ezinyathelweni zakamuva, lapho inja ingasakwazi ukusizwa.

umdlavuza wesinye

I-transitional cell tumor yesinye iqala kusuka olwelweni lwesinye, ithinte intamo yaso kanye ne-urethra. Kwabesilisa, i-prostate gland ivame ukuthinteka. I-tumor ivimbela i-urethra, ivimbela ukuphuma komchamo, okubangela ukubambezeleka kwayo okukhulu, igazi livela kumchamo.

Ama-Scottish Terriers athambekele ekubeni nomdlavuza wesinye. Lolu uhlobo olunolaka lwesimila olukhula ngokushesha futhi luthinte izicubu ezizungezile.

Umdlavuza we-bone

Umdlavuza wamathambo ngokuvamile uthinta lawo mathambo athwala umthwalo omkhulu phakathi nokuphila - inqulu, idolo, i-pelvis, ihlombe, i-tibia.

Konke kuqala ngokuxhuga nobuhlungu endaweni ethintekile. Ukuvuvukala kuvame ukukhula, futhi isikhumba endaweni yesimila singababomvu futhi sibe nezilonda. Okuvame kakhulu i-osteosarcoma. Njengoba umdlavuza uqhubeka, ithambo “liyahlakazeka”.

Izimpawu zomdlavuza ezinjeni

Ezigabeni zokuqala zomdlavuza, kungase kube ne-malaise evamile. Inja ihamba kancane, isifiso sokudla siyancipha, futhi kungase kubonakale izimpawu zokuphazamiseka kwesisu. Uma isisu sisebusweni bomzimba, esikhumbeni, emisipha noma emathunjini, khona-ke kuzovela uphawu olubonakalayo.

Njengoba isigaba siqhubeka, izimpawu zomdlavuza nazo zizoqhubeka.

Umdlavuza wosiwe ezigabeni zokuqala zizozibonakalisa njenge-malaise evamile, isifiso sokudla sizokwehla, izinga loboya lizowohloka, umbala nokuvumelana kwendle kungashintsha, futhi isibindi sizokhula ngosayizi. Ngokuqhubeka komdlavuza, izimpawu zizoba zimbi kakhulu: ulwelwesi lwamafinyila kanye nesikhumba kuzophenduka kubephuzi esilwaneni esifuywayo, ama-ascites (i-dropsy yesisu), ukuphefumula kanzima, nobuhlungu. Ezigabeni ezithuthuke kakhulu, ukuhlanza okungalawuleki kwe-bile kungenzeka.

Umdlavuza wesikhumba okokuqala kubonakala ngesimo sezimpawu ezincane esikhumbeni noma esikhumbeni, kancane kancane kuvela izilonda kanye nezilonda ezingapholi. Isilwane esifuywayo asinazo izikhalazo mayelana nesimo esijwayelekile kuze kufike esigabeni sokugcina somdlavuza, kuze kube yilapho kuvela ama-metastases ezithweni zangaphakathi.

Umdlavuza we-Lung ekuqaleni zifihlwe njengezimpawu ze-bronchitis. Inja iyakhwehlela, ikhathala ngokushesha, kuvame ukuvela ukuphelelwa umoya. Ezigabeni zakamuva, lapho ukhwehlela, igazi lingakhululwa, uketshezi lunqwabelana esifubeni, futhi kuba nzima futhi kubuhlungu ngenja ukuphefumula.

Umdlavuza wamathumbu nesisu okokuqala, kubonakaliswa ukwephulwa kwendle, isifo sohudo semvelo ehlukile nokuhlanza. Njengoba lesi sigaba siba sibi kakhulu, kuzoba nesifo sohudo esiqhubekayo, ukuncipha kwesisindo, nokuvuvukala kwama-lymph nodes.

Umdlavuza we-uterine ibilokhu i-asymptomatic isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kungabangela ukuphazamiseka kokujwayelekile kwe-estrus, ukuvuvukala okungapheli esibelethweni futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukukhishwa kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane.

umdlavuza webele unezimpawu ezifanayo, kodwa umnikazi angase futhi athole izigaxa ezindlaleni zobelema, ezigcina zikhule, ziqhume futhi zikhiphe ubomvu negazi.

Umdlavuza wegazi - enye yezinhlobo ezinzima kakhulu zomdlavuza, njengoba, empeleni, umzimba wonke uyagula, futhi izimpawu zingahluka ngokuphelele. Okuvame kakhulu umkhuhlane ngaphandle kwesizathu, i-anemia, ama-lymph nodes avuvuke, ukugula okujwayelekile.

Umdlavuza we-prostate futhi Isambiso babe nezimpawu ezifanayo - ubunzima bokuchama, igazi emchameni, ubuhlungu, ukugcinwa komchamo kungase kuthuthuke.

Umdlavuza we-bone kubonakaliswa i-asymmetry yethambo endaweni ethintekile, ubuhlungu, ukuqhwala, uma kukhula esithweni.

Izimbangela zalesi sifo

Njengoba sesivele sibonile, imbangela yomdlavuza ukuguqulwa kwamaseli, ngenxa yalokho iqala ukuhlukana nokukhubazeka ngokungalawuleki.

Nokho, zikhona izici predisposing umdlavuza ezinjeni.

Umdlavuza yisifo sokuguga. Njengoba umzimba uguga, izinqubo zokuzivikela ezithola futhi ziqede amangqamuzana anjalo aguquliwe ziba ncane ukusebenza kahle. Le ngozi eyandayo yokuba nomdlavuza ngenxa yobudala ibhaliwe emithini yabantu neyodokotela wezilwane.

Esinye isici esiholela ekulimaleni kwezakhi zofuzo ukuchayeka emagciwaneni (izici zemvelo), amagciwane, kanye nezici ezingokomzimba ezinjengemisebe ye-UV, engaba nomthelela okhulayo.

Ukwehluleka kwama-Hormonal kuvame ukuholela ekwakhekeni kwezicubu ezincike ku-hormone - ezithweni zangasese, ezinhlakeni ezikhiqiza ama-hormone.

Kunemibono eshoyo ukuthi ukuntuleka komoyampilo isikhathi eside - hypoxia - kungavusa ukuguqulwa kwamaseli. Ngegazi, umoya-mpilo uhanjiswa kuseli ngalinye, uma ngesizathu esithile akwanele, amangqamuzana ahlupheka, afe noma aguquke.

Kukhona nemibono mayelana nezakhi zofuzo. Umdlavuza utholakala njengefa, kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu ozuza njengefa othuthukayo.

Asikho isizathu esicacile somdlavuza, imibono eminingi ithuthukiswa ososayensi, futhi bonke banendawo abangaba kuyo.

Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinga lokuphila eliphansi, ukudla okungalungile, ukudla okungalungile, ukugula njalo, izifo ezingapheli, ukuzivocavoca umzimba okuphansi kanye nokuntuleka kokulawula ukukhiqiza kuyizinto ezidala, ezibangela ukuthuthukiswa komdlavuza.

Izigaba zesifo

Izigaba zokukhula kwesimila ezinjeni zinezigaba ezijwayelekile. Isetshenziswa kubantu, amakati kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinja, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lwesifo.

1. Imfundo yamabanga aphansi iyavela. Akuthinti izicubu ezizungezile futhi iqala kuphela ukuzuza isisindo se-tumor. Uma kutholakala isimila kulesi sigaba, isilwane esifuywayo sizokwenza ukululama ngokugcwele ngokwelashwa okufanele.
2. Ukukhula okusebenzayo kanye ne-metastasis kuqala kuma-lymph nodes aseduze. I-prognosis kulesi sigaba iba yimbi.
3. Ukunqotshwa kwama-lymph nodes kuyanda, kodwa ezinye izitho azithinteki. Kulesi sigaba, ukululama okuphelele kwenja akunakwenzeka, futhi ukubikezela kuba ngokuqapha kakhulu.
4. Isiteji sokugcina - ukwakheka okuyinhloko kuthinta ngokuphelele isitho esiyinhloko, ama-metastase avela kwezinye izitho. Akukho ukwelashwa kulesi sigaba, futhi ukubikezelwa kunikezwa kuphela isikhathi sokuphila.

Diagnostics

Ukuze unqume i-oncology ezinjeni, okokuqala kudingekile ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwesilwane. Udokotela wezilwane uhlola ngokucophelela isikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, uthinta izitho zangaphakathi, uhlola imingcele yokuphila. Ngokuvamile, kakade kulesi sigaba, udokotela uthola izimpawu zesimila, ukuze ukwazi ukubona umdlavuza wesikhumba, wesibeletho, webele, wendlala yesinye, wethambo.

Okulandelayo, ukuhlolwa okugcwele (ukuhlolwa okuphelele) komzimba kwenziwa. Yenza ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuhlola ukusebenza kwesitho, inani lamangqamuzana egazi amhlophe nabomvu esigulini. Lokhu kuzobonisa izimpawu ezingaqondile ezikuvumela ukuthi usole ubukhona ophahleni lomdlavuza. Ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound komgodi wesisu kwenziwa ukuze kutholwe indawo yesimila kanye nokuhlotshaniswa kwayo (kusiphi isitho esixhunywe kuso) kanye nokuba khona kwama-metastase kuhlolwa. Ucwaningo luzokusiza ukuthi uthole isimila sesibindi, amathumbu, isisu, isibeletho, isinye, i-prostate. I-x-ray yesifuba iyenziwa ukuhlola isimo samaphaphu, ukuthola izilonda ezigxile kanye nama-metastases.

Uma isimila sitholakala kuma-lymph nodes, umgogodla noma ubuchopho, noma uma sincane kakhulu, khona-ke i-CT ne-MRI izosiza ukuyibona.

Ngemva kokutholakala kwesimila, kufanele kunqunywe uhlobo lwaso. Ukunqunywa okunembile kohlobo lwesimila kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomdlavuza kuzovumela i-diagnostic aspiration biopsy (DBA), core inaliti biopsy (TIB), trepanobiopsy kanye ne-open (yokuhlinzwa) biopsy. Lezi zivivinyo zinganikeza ulwazi mayelana nezimila zezicubu ezithambile. Phakathi nalezi zifundo, impahla yesimila ithathwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile, bese ifundwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukuze kutholwe uhlobo lomdlavuza.

Ukwelashwa

Umdlavuza ezinjeni awusona isigwebo sentambo. Izinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza zingelashwa ngempumelelo ngokunakwa okufika ngesikhathi. Ukwelashwa kusebenzisa isimiso se-multimodality, okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela eziningana zokwelapha. Imvamisa, lapho kutholakala isimila, kufanele sisuswe. Okulandelayo, kunqunywa inkimbinkimbi ye-chemotherapy yezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene, ezikhethwa kuye ngokuthi isigaba nohlobo lomdlavuza yi-oncologist.

Umdlavuza wesibindi, isikhumba, amathumbu, isisu, isibeletho, izindlala zebele, esinyeni ukwelashwa ngokuhlinzwa. Isimila esiyinhloko kanye nama-metastase amakhulu ayasuswa. Okulandelayo, kunqunywa uhlobo lomdlavuza bese kwenziwa izikhathi zokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kanye nokuchayeka emisebeni ukuze kucekelwe phansi ama-metastase amancane kanye nensalela yamangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Umdlavuza we-Lung okunzima ukuphatha, bahlale bezama ukususa ukugxila okuyinhloko uma kungenzeka, kodwa ngokuvamile lokhu akunakwenzeka, ngoba isisu esifubeni sikhula ngokushesha futhi kuba nzima ukufinyelela. Khona-ke i-chemotherapy inqunywa kuqala ukuze kuncishiswe usayizi wesimila, bese, uma kungenzeka, isuswe. Okufanayo kwenzeka nge umdlavuza wendlala.

Umdlavuza wegazi ingelashwa kuphela ngama-puncture akhethwe kahle e-chemotherapy kanye nemisebe.

RџS•Rё umdlavuza wamathambo ukunqunywa kwethambo kuboniswa - izitho, imihlathi, imisila, njll. Ithambo elithinteke ngokuphelele lisuswa, i-chemotherapy enolaka izovimbela ukusabalala komdlavuza ezithweni ezingomakhelwane futhi ibhubhise ama-metastase ohlelweni lwe-lymphatic.

Ngaphezu kokwelashwa okuyinhloko kokulwa nomdlavuza, ukwelashwa kwezimpawu kunqunywe - ama-painkillers, ama-antiemetics, izidakamizwa zokulungisa i-anemia, ama-antibiotics. Konke lokhu kuncike ngqo esiteji lapho ukwelashwa kwaqala khona.

Ziphila isikhathi esingakanani izinja ezinomdlavuza

Ukubikezelwa kwesikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane esifuywayo kuncike ngokuqondile esigabeni sokukhula komdlavuza isiguli elashwa kuso. Uma ukululama okuphelele kungenzeka esigabeni sokuqala, futhi inja izophila impilo ende futhi enganaki, khona-ke ngesigaba ngasinye esilandelayo ukubikezelwa kuya kuba kubi.

Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila lapho ufuna usizo ezigabeni 2-3 sisuka ezinyangeni ezi-3 kuye eminyakeni emi-3.

Esigabeni sesi-4, ngeshwa, akusakwazi ukwelapha umdlavuza. Ukwelashwa kunqunyelwe ukunciphisa izimpawu, nikeza izincomo zokunakekela isilwane. Ubude bokuphila kuleli cala bungaba kusukela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya emavikini ambalwa. Ngokuvamile kulesi sigaba kuhlongozwa ukuba kwenziwe i-euthanasia yomuntu (i-euthanasia) yesilwane esifuywayo, ngoba izinga lempilo yenja enjalo liphansi kakhulu.

Prevention

Njengoba uguquko oluningi ludluliselwa ngofuzo, kufanelekile ukuqaphela kakhulu mayelana nokuzalanisa kanye nokukhipha bonke abantu abanenqola yezakhi zofuzo.

Ukuthenwa kunganciphisa ubungozi bokuthuthukisa izimila ezincike kumahomoni.

Ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi kwanoma yisiphi isifo, ukungabikho kwezifo ezingapheli kunciphisa ingozi ye-oncology.

Ungasebenzisi izinto ze-carcinogenic ekudleni, lapho ugeza noma welapha inja. Ungamniki izidakamizwa ze-hormonal zanoma yiluphi uhlobo ngaphandle kwencwadi kadokotela.

Yenza ukuhlolwa njalo nokuhlola.

I-Oncology ku-Dogs Essentials

1. I-Oncology uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezifo olubangelwa ukungahambi kahle ngaphakathi kweseli.
2. Ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza zibhekwa njengezifo zofuzo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, azihlali zizuzwa njengefa.
3. I-Oncology ezinjeni ingabonakaliswa ngezimpawu ezihlukahlukene ezijwayelekile - ukwehla kwesifiso sokudla, umsebenzi, ukuguqulwa kwekhwalithi yejazi kanye nomthethosisekelo. Izimpawu eziqondile ezincike ekulimaleni kwesitho esithile zifaka ukuxhuga nomdlavuza wamathambo, igazi emchameni onomdlavuza wesinye, njll.
4. Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko kwesimila ukususwa ngokuhlinzwa. Okulandelayo, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kwenziwa ukuze kubhubhise ama-metastase futhi kuvimbele ukuphindaphinda (ukuphindaphinda) komdlavuza.
5. Impumelelo ekwelapheni i-oncology incike ngqo esiteji lapho iqalwe khona.

Izimpendulo zemibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Imithombo:

1. UCarolyn J. Henry, uMary Lynn Higginbotham Ukuphathwa komdlavuza ekusebenzeni kwezilwane ezincane., 2010.
2. Shulga. ES, Tatarnikova NN, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezilwane, UProfesa, I-Biopsy Yokuqala Engahlaseli ku-Small Animal Oncology. Ijenali “Izvestia” No. 5 (73) 2018