Ukuqeqeshwa kwezinja ezisebenzayo

Kunezindlela ezahlukene ezisetshenziswa ekuqeqesheni inja futhi ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube nzima kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi engcono kakhulu kuwe nenja yakho. Namuhla, bayanda abantu abasebenzisa ukufunda okusebenzayo. 

Izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezinjalo…

Ku-cynology, kunezinombolo eziningi zezindlela zokuqeqesha. Okwanele, ngingawahlukanisa abe amaqembu amabili:

• inja ingumhlanganyeli ongenzi lutho enqubweni yokufunda (ngokwesibonelo, indlela yakudala eyaziwa isikhathi eside: lapho, ukuze sifundise inja umyalo othi "Hlala", sicindezela inja ku-croup, ngaleyo ndlela sibangele ukungakhululeki futhi ukucunula inja ukuthi ihlale phansi)
• inja ingumhlanganyeli okhuthele ekuqeqesheni (ngokwesibonelo, singafundisa inja umyalo ofanayo othi “Hlala” ngokubonisa inja ucezu lokwelapha bese ifaka intende endaweni yomqhele wenja, siyichukuluza ukuba iphakamise ikhanda futhi , ngaleyo ndlela, yehlisa ingemuva lomzimba phansi).

 Indlela yomshini inikeza umphumela osheshayo. Enye into ukuthi izinja ezinenkani (isibonelo, ama-terriers noma izinhlobo zomdabu) ziphumula kakhulu lapho zicindezelwa kakhulu: ucindezela i-croup, futhi inja iyagoba ukuze ingahlali phansi. Okunye okuhlukile: izinja ezinesimiso sezinzwa esihambayo ngale ndlela ngokushesha zibonisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “isimo sokuntula usizo esifundiwe.” Inja iyaqonda ukuthi "isinyathelo esiya kwesokudla, isinyathelo esingakwesokunxele siwukubulawa", futhi uma yenza iphutha, bazoqala ngokushesha ukukulungisa, futhi ngokuvamile ngokungathandeki. Ngenxa yalokho, izinja zesaba ukwenza izinqumo zazo, zilahleka esimweni esisha, azilungele ukuthatha isinyathelo, futhi lokhu kungokwemvelo: zisetshenziselwa ukuthi umnikazi uzinqumela konke. Ngeke ngiphawule ukuthi lokhu kuhle noma kubi. Le ndlela isinesikhathi eside ikhona futhi isasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Ngaphambili, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinye izindlela, umsebenzi wakhiwa ikakhulukazi ngale ndlela, futhi sathola izinja ezinhle ezazisebenza namabutho ahlomile, okungukuthi, okungabalwa ezimweni ezinzima zangempela. Kodwa i-cynology ayimile futhi, ngokubona kwami, kuyisono ukungasebenzisi imiphumela yocwaningo olusha, ukufunda nokusebenzisa ulwazi olusha. Eqinisweni, indlela yokusebenza, uKaren Pryor aqala ukuyisebenzisa, iye yasetshenziswa ku-cynology isikhathi eside. Uqale wayisebenzisa nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, kodwa indlela isebenza nawo wonke umuntu: ingasetshenziswa ukuqeqesha inyosi ukushayela amabhola emgodleni noma inhlanzi yegolide ukuze igxume phezu kwe-hoop. Ngisho noma lesi silwane siqeqeshwa indlela yokusebenza, singathini ngezinja, amahhashi, amakati, njll. Umehluko phakathi kwendlela yokusebenza kanye ne-classical ukuthi inja ingumhlanganyeli osebenzayo ohlelweni lokuqeqesha.

Kuyini ukuqeqeshwa kwezinja ezisebenzayo

Emuva kuma-30s wekhulu le-19, usosayensi u-Edward Lee Thorndike wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi inqubo yokufunda, lapho umfundi eyi-ejenti esebenzayo futhi lapho izinqumo ezifanele zikhuthazwa khona ngenkuthalo, inikeza umphumela osheshayo futhi ozinzile. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe, okwaziwa ngokuthi Ibhokisi Lenkinga likaThorndike. Lokhu kuhlola kwakuhlanganisa ukufaka ikati elilambile ebhokisini lepulangwe elinezindonga zamapulangwe, elalibona ukudla ngakolunye uhlangothi lwebhokisi. Isilwane sasikwazi ukuvula umnyango ngokucindezela i-pedal ngaphakathi kwebhokisi noma ngokudonsa i-lever. Kodwa ikati laqala lazama ukuthola ukudla ngokufaka izidladla zalo emigodleni yehhoko. Ngemva kochungechunge lokwehluleka, wahlola konke okungaphakathi, wenza izenzo ezihlukahlukene. Ekugcineni, isilwane sanyathela isicabha, kwavuleka umnyango. Ngenxa yezinqubo eziningi eziphindaphindiwe, ikati kancane kancane layeka ukwenza izenzo ezingadingekile futhi ngokushesha lacindezela i-pedal. 

Kamuva, lezi zivivinyo zaqhutshwa ngu-Skinner.  

 Imiphumela yocwaningo iholele esiphethweni esibaluleke kakhulu sokuqeqeshwa: izenzo ezikhuthazwayo, okungukuthi, eziqinisiwe, kungenzeka ukuthi zenzeke ekuhlolweni okulandelayo, futhi lezo ezingaqinisiwe azisetshenziswa isilwane ekuhlolweni okulandelayo.

I-Operant Learning Quadrant

Uma sicabangela indlela yokufunda esebenzayo, asikwazi ukuzibamba kodwa sihlale emqondweni we-quadrant yokufunda okusebenzayo, okungukuthi, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokusebenza kwale ndlela. I-quadrant isekelwe ekukhuthazeni kwesilwane. Ngakho-ke, isenzo esenziwa yisilwane singaholela emiphumeleni emi-2:

• ukuqinisa isisusa senja (inja ithola lokho ebikufuna, lapho izophinda lesi senzo kaningi, ngoba iholela ekwanelisekeni kwezifiso)
• isijeziso (inja ithola ekade AYIFUNI ukukuthola, lapho inja izogwema ukuphinda lesi senzo).

 Ezimweni ezihlukene, isenzo esifanayo singaba kokubili ukuqinisa nokujezisa inja - konke kuncike ekukhuthazeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphulula. Ake sithi inja yethu ithanda ukushaywa. Kuleso simo, uma isilwane sethu sikhululekile noma sinesithukuthezi, sishaya umnikazi wakhe othandekayo, ngokuqinisekile, sizosebenza njengokuqiniswa. Nokho, uma inja yethu isemgudwini wokufunda ojulile, ukuphulula kwethu kuyoba okungafaneleki kakhulu, futhi inja ingase ikubone njengohlobo oluthile lwesijeziso. Cabangela esinye isibonelo: inja yethu ikhonkothe ​​ekhaya. Ake sihlaziye isisusa: inja ingakhonkotha ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, kodwa manje sizohlaziya isimo lapho inja ibhodla isithukuthezi ukuze idonse ukunaka kwethu. Ngakho-ke, isisusa senja: ukuheha ukunaka komnikazi. Ngokombono womnikazi, inja ayiziphethe kahle. Umniniyo ubheka inja futhi uyayithethisa, ezama ukuyithulisa. Umnikazi ukholelwa ukuthi okwamanje ujezise inja. Nokho, inja inombono ohluke ngokuphelele kule ndaba - siyakhumbula ukuthi yayihalela ukunakwa? Ngisho nokunaka okungalungile kuwukunaka. Okungukuthi, kusukela ekubukeni kwenja, umnikazi usanda kwanelisa isisusa sakhe, ngaleyo ndlela eqinisa ukukhonkotha. Bese siphendukela esiphethweni esenziwa ngu-Skinner ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule: izenzo ezikhuthazwayo ziphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe okukhulayo. Okusho ukuthi, thina, ngokungazi, sakha ukuziphatha esilwaneni sethu esisicasulayo. Ukujezisa nokuqiniswa kungaba kuhle noma kube kubi. Umfanekiso uzosisiza ukuba sikuqonde. I-positive yilapho ingezwa okuthile. Okubi - kukhona okususwayo. 

Isibonelo: inja yenza isenzo ethole okuthile okujabulisayo ngaso. yona ukuqinisa okuhle. Inja yahlala phansi yazitholela ucezwana lobumnandi. Uma inja yenza isenzo, ngenxa yalokho yathola okuthile okungajabulisi, sikhuluma ngakho isijeziso esihle Isenzo saphumela esijezisweni. Inja izame ukudonsa ucezu lokudla etafuleni, ipuleti nepani ngesikhathi esifanayo kwawela phezu kwalo kwaphahlazeka. Uma inja ithola okuthile okungajabulisi, yenza isenzo ngenxa yokuthi isici esingathandeki siyanyamalala - lokhu kungukuthi. ukuqinisa okungekuhle. Isibonelo, lapho sisebenzisa indlela yokuqeqeshwa komshini ekufundeni ukuncipha, sicindezela inja ku-croup - simnika ukungakhululeki. Ngokushesha nje lapho inja ihlala phansi, ukucindezela ku-croup kuyanyamalala. Okusho ukuthi, isenzo sokunciphisa simisa umphumela ongemuhle ku-croup yenja. Uma isenzo senja simisa into emnandi ebiyijabulela ngaphambili, sikhuluma ngayo isijeziso esibi. Isibonelo, inja idlale nawe ngebhola noma ngokuvinjelwa - okungukuthi, ithole imizwa ejabulisayo. Ngemva kokudlala, inja yabamba umunwe wakho ngokungaqondile futhi kabuhlungu kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho uyeka ukudlala nesilwane esifuywayo - isenzo senja samisa ukuzijabulisa okujabulisayo. 

Isenzo esifanayo singabhekwa njengezinhlobo ezahlukene zesijeziso noma ukuqinisa, kuye ngesimo noma umhlanganyeli kulesi simo.

 Ake sibuyele kulenja ekhonkothayo ekhaya ngenxa yokudinwa. Umnikazi wamemeza inja, yathula. Okungukuthi, kusukela ekubukeni komnikazi, isenzo sakhe (ememeza inja nokuthula okwalandela) kwamisa isenzo esingathandeki - ukukhonkotha. Sikhuluma kulokhu (ngokuphathelene nomsingathi) mayelana nokuqiniswa okungalungile. Ngokombono wenja enesithukuthezi efuna ukunaka umnikazi nganoma iyiphi indlela, ukukhala komnikazi ekuphenduleni ukukhonkotha kwenja kuwukuqiniswa okuhle. Nakuba, uma inja isaba umnikazi wayo, futhi ukukhonkotha kwakuyisenzo sokuzizuzisa yona, khona-ke ukukhala komnikazi kulesi simo kuyisijeziso esibi senja. Imvamisa, lapho usebenza nenja, uchwepheshe onekhono usebenzisa ukuqinisa okuhle futhi, isijeziso esincane, esibi.

Izinzuzo zendlela yokuqeqesha inja esebenzayo

Njengoba ubona, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwendlela yokusebenza, inja ngokwayo iyisixhumanisi esimaphakathi nesisebenzayo ekufundeni. Enkambweni yokuqeqeshwa ngale ndlela, inja inethuba lokuthola iziphetho, ukulawula isimo nokuphatha. "Ibhonasi" ebaluleke kakhulu uma usebenzisa indlela yokuqeqesha osebenzayo "i-side effect": izinja ezisetshenziselwa ukuba abahlanganyeli abakhuthele ohlelweni lokuqeqesha ziba namandla kakhulu, zizethemba (ziyazi ukuthi ekugcineni ziphumelela, ziyabusa. umhlaba, bangagudluza izintaba futhi babuyisele imifula emuva), baye bakhulisa ukuzithiba kanye nekhono lokusebenza ezimweni ezikhungathekisayo. Bayazi: noma kungasebenzi manje, kulungile, hlala uzolile futhi uqhubeke wenza – qhubeka uzame, futhi uzovuzwa! Ikhono elenziwe kahle ngendlela yokusebenza livamise ukulungiswa ngokushesha kunekhono elenziwa indlela yomshini. Yilokho okushiwo izibalo. Manje ngisebenza kuphela ngezindlela ezithambile, kodwa inja yami yangaphambili yayiqeqeshwe ngokuqhathanisa (indlela isanqante nenduku) kanye nemishini. Futhi uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, kimi kubonakala sengathi ukuqinisa okuhle, lapho sikhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukuziphatha okulungile futhi singakunaki (futhi sizama ukugwema) okungalungile, kunikeza umphumela ozinzile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunendlela yomshini. Kodwa… ngivota ngazo zombili izandla ekusebenzeni ngezindlela ezithambile, ngoba indlela yokusebenza ayikona nje ukuqeqesha, iyisimiso esibalulekile sokusebenzisana, ifilosofi yobudlelwane bethu nenja, engumngane wethu futhi, ngokuvamile, ilungu eligcwele. lomndeni. Ngincamela ukusebenza nenja isikhathi eside, kodwa ekugcineni ngiphethe isilwane esifuywayo esigcwele amandla, imibono kanye nomuzwa wokuhlekisa, sigcine ukuthakazelisa kwaso. Isilwane esifuywayo, ubudlelwano obakhelwe othandweni, inhlonipho, isifiso kanye nentshisekelo yokusebenza nami. Isilwane esifuywayo esingethemba ngokuphelele futhi esimagange ukusebenza nami. Ngoba kuyathakazelisa futhi kumnandi kuye ukusebenza, kuyathakazelisa futhi kumnandi kuye ukulalela.Qhubeka ufunde: Ukubumba njengendlela yokuqeqesha izinja.