Izwe kanye nemvelaphi yezimfudu: zavela kuphi futhi kanjani izimfudu zokuqala

Umlando wokuvela kwezimfudu ubuyela emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-200. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi bavela kwelinye lamaqembu angasekho ezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi amaPermian cotylosaurs. Kodwa-ke, imibuzo eminingi ihlobene nemvelaphi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwalezi zilwane, okungakabibikho izimpendulo zazo.

Umlando wemvelaphi

Namuhla ngokuvamile kuyamukelwa ukuhlobanisa imvelaphi yezimfudu nama-cotilosaurs, aphila eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-220 edlule (inkathi yePermian yenkathi yePaleozoic). Lezi yizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezashabalala ezazibukeka njengezibankwa ezincane (amasentimitha angama-30 ubude, ngaphandle komsila). Babenezimbambo ezimfushane, kodwa ezibanzi kakhulu, ezinamandla, ezaba isibonelo segobolondo. Babephila impilo ye-omnivorous, bedla kokubili izilwane ezincane nezitshalo. Bahlala cishe yonke indawo yezwekazi, ngakho namuhla izinsalela zabo zitholakala e-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika.

Ukuvela okuqhubekayo kwalezi zilwane akucaci ngokuphelele. Emzamweni wokugcwalisa igebe lokuziphendukela kwemvelo leminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingu-30, ososayensi baqala ukutadisha izinsalela zommeleli wama-cotilosaurs - i-eunatosaurus. Amathambo akhe aseke atholakala eNyakatho Melika, kodwa asanda kutholakala naseNingizimu Afrika. Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo kwembula imininingwane eminingana ethokozisayo:

1. Isilwane sasinamapheya angu-9 ezimbambo ezingu-angular (umumo wohlamvu "T").
2. Zaziqinile futhi zihlala isikhathi eside, zinezimila eziningi.
3. Imisipha yokuphefumula yayinezici zayo zomzimba, ezazivumela isilwane ukuba siphefumule ngisho nasegobolondweni elinjalo "lethambo".

Ukuba khona kwamathambo anjalo anamandla kusivumela ukuthi sisho ukuthi izimfudu zavela ngokuqondile ku-eunatosaurus, eyayiphila eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-220-250 edlule. I-Odontohelis nayo yayinesakhiwo esifanayo. Kodwa-ke, bekungakatholakali ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zibankwa ezi-2 ezingasekho kanye nokhokho wesimanje wofudu.

Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi ngenxa yentuthuko eyengeziwe, lezi zimbambo ezinamandla zaphenduka zaba yinto eyodwa - uhlobo lwegobolondo elihambayo, elifana nengxenye ye-armadillo yesimanje. Idlozi elicatshangelwayo lingagoqa libe yilesi sikhali futhi livikele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Kamuva, amathambo ahlangana ngokuphelele, ngenxa yalokho kwavela igobolondo elilodwa eliqinile.

Nokho, lo mbono awukwazi ukuchaza ukuthi isimiso samaphaphu nezinye izitho zangaphakathi zavela kanjani. Ukwakhiwa kwegobolondo elinamandla, elihlanganisa i-carapace (isihlangu se-dorsal) kanye ne-plastron (isihlangu sesisu), kufanele kuholele ekuhlelweni kabusha okuphawulekayo kwayo yonke into ephilayo, kodwa le nqubo ayizange ichazwe ngokuningiliziwe kuze kube manje.

Bavela nini

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izimfudu zavela emhlabeni ngesikhathi se-Triassic yenkathi ye-Mesozoic, okungukuthi eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-200 edlule. Lezi kwakuyizilwane zasolwandle ezazinentamo enkulu, eyinyoka nomsila omkhulu. Babehlala emanzini afudumele olwandle lomhlaba, ngakho singasho ukuthi izimfudu zokuqala zaphuma emanzini.

Esikhathini seCretaceous senkathi efanayo, eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-60-70 edlule, i-archelon yavela - omunye wokhokho abangasekho, abameleli babo sebevele befana nezimfudu ezaziwa namuhla ngesimo nezinye izici zokubukeka. Kwakuwufudu lwesikhumba olunegobolondo elithambile. Wayehlala ezilwandle zolwandle kuphela.

Yaziwa ngosayizi wayo omkhulu nesisindo:

• ububanzi be-flippers bufika ku-5 m;
• ubude bufike kumamitha angu-4,6 (kusuka ekhanda kuye esihlokweni somsila);
• ubude bekhanda bufika ku-70 cm;
• isisindo esingaphezu kwamathani ama-2.

Izinsalela ze-Archelon zatholakala endaweni yase-United States yanamuhla, zigcinwe eminyuziyamu ehlukahlukene. Umbukiso ovela e-Yale Museum uyaziwa - le-archelon ayinawo umlenze wangemuva, okusobala ukuthi yalunywa yisibankwa esikhulu sasolwandle, i-mosasaurus, eyafinyelela ubude bamamitha angu-12-14.

Izimfudu ezinkulu ezavela enkathini ye-Mesozoic zaqala ukufa ngobuningi muva nje - esikhathini samanje se-Quaternary ye-Kyonozoic, okungukuthi inkathi yethu ye-geological. Kwenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingu-11 edlule. Izilwane ezinkulu ziye zadela indawo yazo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kubameleli abancane.

Izwe lama-turtles: umlando kanye nesimanje

Ngokusekelwe emlandweni wemvelaphi yalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo, singasho ukuthi izwe lezimfudu zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zingamanzi olwandle. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo ngalunye oluthile lwezilwane zasolwandle, amanzi ahlanzekile noma isilwane sasemhlabeni sinendawo yaso yendabuko:

1. Izimfudu ezidumile ezinamadlebe abomvu zitholakala eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu (Mexico, Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia).
2. Imvelaphi yezimfudu zomhlaba ihlotshaniswa nezindawo eziwugwadule kanye nama-steppe e-Eurasia, lapho zisahlala khona ngobuningi.
3. Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo ufudu lwasolwandle ulwandle olushisayo nenkabazwe olwandle.

Namuhla, izimfudu ziyiqembu elikhulu lezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ezihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-300. Bahlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi nezilwandle, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, izintaba nezindawo ezipholile:

• kuyo yonke i-Afrika;
• e-US naseMelika Ephakathi;
• yonke indawo eNingizimu Melika, ngaphandle kwamazwe ama-2 - iChile ne-Argentina (izifunda eziseningizimu);
• yonke indawo e-Eurasia, ngaphandle kweNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, enyakatho yeYurophu, izindawo ezibalulekile zaseRussia naseChina;
• kulo lonke elase-Australia, ngaphandle kwengxenye emaphakathi neziqhingi zaseNew Zealand.

Izwe le-turtle namuhla liyizinhlobonhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala emazwekazini nasezilwandle kusukela cishe ku-55 degrees enyakatho nobubanzi kuya ku-45 degrees eningizimu. Abameleli bezinhlobo ezi-4 zezimfudu bahlala endaweni yaseRussia namuhla:

Muva nje, izimfudu ezinamandlebe abomvu ziye zavela ezweni, eziye zajwayela ngisho nezimo zezulu zendawo futhi manje zihlala emachibini aseYauza, Kuzminsky naseTsaritsynsky, kanye nasemifuleni yaseChermyanka nasePekhorka. Ekuqaleni, lezi zilwane zazihlala eNyakatho, Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika kuphela, kodwa zalethwa eYurophu, e-Afrika nase-Australia.

Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngemvelaphi yezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane, ngakho-ke izwe lasolwandle noma izimfudu zomhlaba zingachazwa cishe kuphela. Kodwa futhi kuyaziwa ukuthi lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo sezikhona emhlabeni iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amaningana. Izimfudu ziye zajwayela kahle ezindaweni ezihlukene futhi namuhla zitholakala emazwenikazi amaningi nasezindaweni eziningi zamanzi.