I-anemia ezinjeni

Kukhona i-anemia evuselelayo (enemisebenzi eyanele yomnkantsha), ekhula ngemva kokuphuma kwegazi noma i-hemolysis, futhi engavuseleli, noma i-hypoplastic, ene-erythropoiesis encishisiwe noma evinjelwe ngokuphelele, isibonelo, ngenxa yezifo zomnkantsha.

I-anemia ayisona isifo esithile, kodwa isibonakaliso esenzeka ezinjeni ezinezinhlobonhlobo ze-pathologies.

Izimbangela Ze-Anemia Ezinjeni

Kungaba yini izimbangela zamangqamuzana abomvu egazi aphansi, i-hemoglobin ne-hematocrit ezinjeni? Inani elikhulu lama-pathologies lingaholela ekwakhiweni kwe-anemia ezinjeni, nazi ezivame kakhulu kuzo:

• ukutholakala kwegazi ngenxa yokulimala noma izilonda emathunjini;

• ukudla okungenakulinganisela (ukuntuleka kwensimbi noma ithusi ekudleni);

• ukukhiqizwa okunganele kwe-hormone erythropoietin, ekhuthaza ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu emnkantsheni (ngokwesibonelo, ekuhlulekeni okungapheli kwezinso, i-hypothyroidism);

• ukudakwa (ubuthi ngezinsimbi ezinzima, imikhiqizo yokudla efana no-anyanisi nesweli);

• ukulimala okunobuthi kumnkantsha wethambo ngezidakamizwa ezithile, njengezidakamizwa ezilwa nomdlavuza, i-phenylbutazone, i-chloramphenicol, njll.;

• izifo ezithathelwanayo (i-piroplasmosis, i-ehrlichiosis, i-parvovirus enteritis);

• kanye nezinye izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ze-pathological emnkantsheni wethambo zingabangela i-anemia ezinjeni (i-myelodysplasia, izifo ze-myelo- kanye ne-lymphoproliferative, i-metastases).

Izinhlobo ze-anemia

I-anemia yokuvuselela

I-anemia evuselelayo ivame ukukhula ngenxa yokulahleka kwegazi noma i-hemolysis (okungukuthi, inqubo yokubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi). Ngokulahlekelwa kwegazi (ngenxa yokulimala, izilonda noma ezinye izinqubo ze-pathological), inani lamangqamuzana egazi abomvu liyancipha, kodwa isikhathi sabo sokuphila esivamile sigcinwa. Nge-hemolytic anemia ezinjeni, isikhathi sokuphila samangqamuzana abomvu egazi ayancipha - aqala ukuphuka ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-anemia ye-hemolytic, ikhono lokululama komnkantsha ngokuvamile liphakeme, ngoba ngesikhathi sokopha, insimbi iphuma emzimbeni kanye namangqamuzana abomvu egazi, futhi phakathi ne-hemolysis, ingena egazini futhi isetshenziswe ekuhlanganiseni i-hemoglobin. . Isibonelo esivame kakhulu ezweni lakithi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-immune-mediated hemolytic anemia ezinjeni ngokumelene nesizinda se-piroplasmosis (isifo esidluliselwa ngokulunywa komkhaza).

I-anemia engavuseleli

Uphawu oluyinhloko lwe-anemia engavuseleli (hypoplastic) ukuvinjelwa okubukhali kwe-erythropoiesis, okungukuthi, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu amasha ayayeka ukukhiqizwa. Kulokhu, kuphela ukwephulwa kwe-erythropoiesis kungabonwa, lapho kuphela inani lama-erythrocyte egazini lehla, futhi isilonda esiphelele somnkantsha, lapho inani lama-erythrocyte, i-leukocyte, nama-platelet liyancipha egazini (ngakho-ke- okuthiwa i-pancytopenia).

I-hypoplastic anemia yisimo sesibili, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile izimpawu zesifo esiwumsuka zivela ngaphambi kwezimpawu zangempela ze-anemia. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ekuhlulekeni kwe-renal okungapheli, abanikazi bazoqala ukunaka ukoma okwandayo, ukuchama njalo, ukulahlekelwa isisindo kanye nephunga elivela emlonyeni, phambi kwama-neoplasms - isibonakaliso sokuqala sizoba i-cachexia (ukukhathala ngokweqile komzimba), ebukhoneni be-endocrine pathologies ezinjeni - ijazi lokulahlekelwa kwe-symmetrical bilateral, njll.

Nge-anemia engavuselelwa kabusha, izimpawu zivame ukukhula kancane kancane, kepha inkambo eba yimbi kakhulu yesifo esicashile ingabangela ukukhula okunamandla kwe-anemia (i-pallor, ukunganaki, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo nokuphefumula). Nge-anemia evuselelayo, ukuqala ngokuzumayo kwezimpawu kuyisici.

Izimpawu Ze-Anemia Ezinjeni

Izimpawu ze-anemia ezinjeni zincike esilinganisweni sokulahleka kwegazi, amandla omzimba okunxephezela, kanye nobukhulu benqubo. Kwezinye izimo, kokubili nge-anemia eyingozi futhi engapheli, umnikazi angase anganaki izinguquko ekuziphatheni kwesilwane.

Njengomthetho, ngokulahleka kwegazi okunamandla, izimpawu zimi kanje:

• ukukhathala;

• ukukhanya kwe-mucous;

• izimpawu zokushaqeka;

• izimpawu ezibonakalayo zokuphuma kwegazi (phambi kokuphuma kwegazi kwangaphakathi, kungase kube nendle emnyama - uphawu lwegazi eligayiwe).

Ngokulahleka kwegazi okungapheli, ungaqaphela:

• ukukhanya kwe-mucous;

• ukunganaki, ukukhathala kwesilwane esifuywayo;

• ukunciphisa ukubekezelelana emsebenzini womzimba;

• kungase kube khona ukuquleka;

• isifiso sokudla esihlanekezelwe kuvamile.

Kodwa, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimpawu zingase zibonise ngokucacile ukuba khona kwe-anemia esilwaneni esifuywayo, kubalulekile ukwenza ukuxilongwa kwelabhorethri - okungenani kuphumelele ukuhlolwa kwegazi jikelele - ukuhlonza uhlobo lwe-anemia, imbangela yayo kanye nobukhulu besifo.

Diagnostics

Ukubona i-anemia nokunquma uhlobo lwayo, njengomthetho, ukuhlolwa kwegazi okujwayelekile, okuqinisekiswe ukuhlolwa kwe-cytological ye-blood smear, kwanele.

Nge-anemia evuselelayo, ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwegazi okujwayelekile, ukwehla kwe-hemoglobin, i-hematocrit, kanye nenani lamaseli abomvu egazi kuyaphawulwa. Kwezinye izimo, ukwenza ukuxilongwa, kwanele nje ukutadisha iconsi legazi ezinjeni ze-hematocrit - izokwehliswa. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona ushintsho ekubunjweni nasekungcoleni kwe-erythrocytes - i-anisocytosis ne-polychromasia. Umthamo ojwayelekile we-erythrocytes ukhuphuka noma ngaphakathi kwebanga elijwayelekile, ukuhlushwa okujwayelekile kwe-hemoglobin ku-erythrocyte ezinjeni kuyancishiswa noma ngaphakathi kwebanga elijwayelekile.

Nge-anemia ye-hemolytic, izinguquko eziqondile zangaphandle ku-erythrocytes zitholakala - i-spherocytosis noma i-schizocytosis.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-anemia evuselelayo futhi engavuseleli ukwanda kwenani lezinhlobo ezingavuthiwe ("ezincane") zamangqamuzana egazi abomvu - i-reticulocytes (okungukuthi, i-reticulocytosis) nokuncipha kwe-hematocrit. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwe-anemia evuselelayo, inani lama-reticulocyte (njenge-hypoplastic anemia) lingancishiswa - esimweni esinjalo, ukubhoboza komnkantsha kungase kudingeke ukuze kunqunywe uhlobo lwe-anemia. Nge-anemia evuselelayo, i-bone marrow hyperplasia itholwa, futhi nge-hypoplastic ayikho.

Uma i-autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIGA ezinjeni) isolwa, ukuhlolwa okukhethekile okuqondile kwe-antiglobulin, ukuhlolwa kwe-Coombs, kwenziwa. Ukuba khona kwama-antibodies ku-erythrocytes, spherocytosis kanye ne-polychromasia kuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-cytological kwe-blood smear kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuhlolwa kwegazi okujwayelekile okwenziwa yi-analyzer - ngokusho kwayo, udokotela waselabhorethri wenza ukuhlaziya okuphelele kwe-morphological ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana egazi, okusiza ukuthola uhlobo kanye nembangela i-anemia.

I-anemia emidlwaneni

Emaphusheni, i-anemia ingenzeka ngenxa yokungondleki okungalingani, ukuba khona kwe-helminthic infestation, noma isifo esibangelwa amagciwane njenge-parvovirus enteritis. Ngeshwa, naphezu kokugoma okusakazekile, i-parvovirus enteritis ivamile futhi kunzima ukwelapha izifo. Kodwa, ngenhlanhla, izindlela zokunxephezela emidlwaneni zithuthukisiwe kahle, futhi lapho isifo esiyisisekelo simisiwe, i-anemia emidlwaneni iyanyamalala ngokushesha.

Ukwelapha I-anemia Ezinjeni

Ngokuvamile, abanikazi babuza odokotela imibuzo enjalo: “Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma inja ine-hemoglobin ephansi?” noma “Ingabe inja yami idinga ukumpontshelwa igazi?” Kodwa, ngaphambi kokwelapha i-anemia enja, udinga ukuthola imbangela eyabangela.

Okokuqala, ukwelashwa okuqondile kwesifo kunqunyelwe: isibonelo, uma inja inesifo segazi-i-parasite, izidakamizwa ezisebenza ku-parasite zisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa. Uma i-anemia enja ibangelwa isifo sezinso esingapheli, kuyadingeka ukuthatha isifo esingaphansi kokulawula futhi uqhube inkambo ye-hormone erythropoietin. Uma i-anemia ibangelwa ukungondleki okwanele, khona-ke udokotela wezilwane uzophendula umbuzo wendlela yokukhulisa i-hemoglobin enja.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukuzilawula kwe-iron, i-cyanocobalamin kanye ne-folic acid supplements, cishe, ngeke kulethe noma iyiphi inzuzo esilwaneni, futhi isikhathi esilahlekile singathinta kabi impilo yaso. Ngokuvamile, amasu okwelapha angahluka kakhulu kusukela ebukhulwini be-anemia kanye nokubonakaliswa kwezimpawu ezinjeni.

Ngokuthuthuka kancane kwe-anemia emzimbeni, izindlela zokunxephezela zinesikhathi sokwakheka, ngakho-ke i-anemia elinganiselayo (i-hematocrit engaphezu kuka-25%), njengomthetho, ayidingi ukwelashwa kwesondlo. Nge-anemia enzima (i-hematocrit engaphansi kwe-15-20%), indlala ye-oxygen ebizwa ngokuthi iqala, ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa umsebenzi womzimba nokumpontshelwa igazi.

I-anemia enkulu ye-hypoplastic, engase ihlotshaniswe ne-oncology nezinye izimo ezimbi, ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokubikezela okubi futhi kudinga ukwelashwa kwesikhathi eside.

Uma kune-anemia enzima, i-hematocrit kanye ne-blood smear kufanele ihlolwe kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-1-1, ngesimo esizinzile sesilwane esifuywayo kanye nenkambo engapheli - njalo emavikini angu-2-1.

I-anemia evuselelayo ebukhali idinga ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo. Ngokuphuma kwegazi okukhulu, ukushaqeka nokudakwa kungenzeka, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuletha isilwane emtholampilo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, lapho sizosizwa khona. Ezinsukwini ezintathu zokuqala, isilwane sizoboniswa ukwelashwa kokumnika, uma kunesidingo, ukumpontshelwa igazi.

Amalungiselelo ensimbi avame ukunikezwa ngomlomo noma nge-intravenously ezinja. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunengqondo ukusebenzisa izithasiselo zensimbi lapho kukhona i-anemia yokuntuleka kwensimbi, okuyivelakancane ezinjeni. Lolu hlobo lwe-anemia lukhula ngokulahleka kwegazi okungapheli isikhathi eside kanye nokungondliwa okwanele; Ukuxilongwa okukhethekile kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxilongwa (ukulinganisa izinga le-hormone ferritin, ukuhlolwa kwamandla okubopha insimbi, nezinye izindlela).

Nge-anemia ye-hemolytic ezinjeni, ukwelashwa okuqondile kunqunyelwe.

Ukuphumelela kokwelashwa kuhlolwa ngokuhlolwa kwegazi okujwayelekile, esigabeni sokuqala - nsuku zonke, ngokuqiniswa kwesimo - njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-3-5. Imvamisa, ngokumiswa kokulahleka kwegazi okubukhali, izibalo zegazi elibomvu ziyabuyiselwa phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-14.

Ukudla

Ukudla kwe-anemia wukudla okulinganiselayo nokufanelekile. Lapho uphakela izinja ngokuphakelayo okukhethekile kwezimboni, i-anemia ngeke yenzeke. Kodwa uma usondla inja etafuleni, ukudla kwemifino, khona-ke izinkinga azikwazi ukugwema. Ukudla kwezingane okusemathinini, okuthandwa kakhulu ngabanikazi abaningi, kuyingozi ikakhulukazi ezinjeni - ngokuvamile kuqukethe u-anyanisi negalikhi ngamanani avunyelwe izingane njenge-flavour enhancer, kodwa ezinjeni zingabangela i-hemolytic anemia. Kubuye kuvinjelwe ngokuqinile ukufaka u-anyanisi negalikhi ekudleni: ukudla u-anyanisi noma u-garlic ngenani le-5 g / kg yesisindo somzimba kuwumthamo onobuthi futhi kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwegazi okukhulu.

Prevention

Njengoba i-anemia ingesona isifo esizimele, ukuvimbela kuhlanganisa ukuqeda izimbangela ezibangela lokho.

Okokuqala, ukudla okulinganiselayo kwezilwane ezifuywayo. Uma ungafisi ukuphakela inja yakho ukudla okuphekiwe, qiniseka ukuthi ucela usizo lukadokotela wezilwane ukuze uthole usizo ekwenzeni ukudla ngakunye. Isibonelo, izazi zokudla kuhlelo lokusebenza lweselula lwePetstory zizokusiza ukuthi udale ukudla okunjalo. Ungayilanda kusixhumanisi.

Okwesibili, ukugoma. Ukugoma okufika ngesikhathi kuphela ngokwezinhlelo ezigunyazwe odokotela bezilwane kungavikela izilwane ezifuywayo ekuthelelekeni ngezifo ezinzima ezibangelwa amagciwane ezingaholela ku-anemia noma ngisho nokufa.

Okwesithathu, akufanele sikhohlwe mayelana nokwelashwa okuvamile kwama-parasites - kokubili kwangaphakathi (i-helminths) nangaphandle (amazeze nemikhaza).

Okwesine, akubalulekile kangako ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okuvamile kwezilwane ezifuywayo ukuze kutholwe izimpawu zesifo kusenesikhathi. Izilwane ezifuywayo ezindala ziboniswa okungenani kanye ngonyaka ukuze zenze ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuze kuvinjelwe - jikelele kanye ne-biochemical.

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Okthoba 13 2020

Kubuyekezwe: February 13, 2021