Ayini amaketanga okudla emahlathini ahlukene: incazelo nezibonelo

Iketango lokudla liwukudluliswa kwamandla ukusuka emthonjeni wawo ngochungechunge lwezinto eziphilayo. Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zixhumene, njengoba zisebenza njengezinto zokudla kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Wonke amaketango okudla aqukethe izixhumanisi ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu. Owokuqala ngokuvamile abakhiqizi - izinto eziphilayo ezikwazi ukukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo ezivela ezintweni ezingaphili. Lezi izitshalo ezithola umsoco nge-photosynthesis. Okulandelayo kuza abathengi - lezi yizinto eziphilayo ze-heterotrophic ezithola izinto eziphilayo ezenziwe ngomumo. Lezi kuzoba izilwane: kokubili izilwane ezidla uhlaza kanye nezilwane ezidla inyama. Isixhumanisi sokuvala sochungechunge lokudla kuvame ukubola - ama-microorganisms abola izinto eziphilayo.

Uchungechunge lokudla alukwazi ukuhlanganisa izixhumanisi eziyisithupha noma ngaphezulu, njengoba isixhumanisi esisha ngasinye sithola kuphela i-10% yamandla wesixhumanisi sangaphambilini, enye i-90% ilahlekile ngendlela yokushisa.

Ayini amaketanga okudla?

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili: idlelo kanye ne-detritus. Ezakuqala zivame kakhulu emvelweni. Emaketangeni anjalo, isixhumanisi sokuqala ngaso sonke isikhathi singabakhiqizi (izitshalo). Balandelwa ngabathengi be-oda lokuqala - izilwane ezidla uhlaza. Okulandelayo - abathengi be-oda lesibili - izilwane ezidla ezinye ezincane. Ngemuva kwabo kukhona abathengi bohlelo lwesithathu - izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kube nabathengi be-oda lesine, amaketanga okudla amade avame ukutholakala olwandle. Isixhumanisi sokugcina yizibolile.

Uhlobo lwesibili lwamasekhethi amandla - i-detritus – kuvame kakhulu emahlathini nasemasava. Zivela ngenxa yokuthi iningi lamandla esitshalo awadliwa yizilwane ezidla uhlaza, kodwa liyafa, bese lichithwa yi-decomposers kanye namaminerali.

Amaketanga okudla alolu hlobo aqala ku-detritus - izinsalela eziphilayo zemvelaphi yezitshalo nezilwane. Abathengi be-oda lokuqala emaketangeni okudla anjalo yizinambuzane, njengamabhungane, noma ama-scavengers, njengezimpisi, izimpisi, amanqe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhaktheriya adla izinsalela zezitshalo angaba abathengi bokuqala emaketangeni anjalo.

Ku-biogeocenoses, yonke into ixhunywe ngendlela yokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo zingaba abahlanganyeli kuzo zombili izinhlobo zamaketanga okudla.

Amaketanga okudla emahlathini aluhlaza naxubile

Amahlathi aluhlaza asatshalaliswa kakhulu eNyakatho Nenkabazwe yeplanethi. Zitholakala eNtshonalanga naseYurophu Ephakathi, e-Southern Scandinavia, e-Urals, eNtshonalanga yeSiberia, eMpumalanga Asia, eNyakatho Florida.

Amahlathi aluhlaza ahlukaniswa abe anamahlamvu abanzi namaqabunga amancane. Owokuqala ubonakala ngezihlahla ezinjenge-oki, i-linden, umlotha, i-maple, i-elm. Okwesibili - birch, alder, aspen.

Amahlathi axubile yilawo lapho kukhula khona izihlahla ze-coniferous nezihlahla eziphukayo. Amahlathi axubile ayisici sendawo yesimo sezulu esipholile. Atholakala eningizimu yeScandinavia, eCaucasus, eCarpathians, eMpumalanga Ekude, eSiberia, eCalifornia, e-Appalachian, eduze namaChibi Amakhulu.

Amahlathi axubile ahlanganisa izihlahla ezifana ne-spruce, i-pine, i-oki, i-linden, i-maple, i-elm, i-apula, i-fir, i-beech, i-hornbeam.

Kuvame kakhulu emahlathini aluhlaza naxubile amaketanga okudla kwamadlelo. Isixhumanisi sokuqala ochungechungeni lokudla emahlathini ngokuvamile izinhlobo eziningi zamakhambi, amajikijolo afana nama-raspberries, ama-blueberries, ama-strawberries. ama-elderberry, amagxolo esihlahla, amantongomane, izigaxa.

Abathengi be-oda lokuqala bavame ukuba yizilwane ezidla uhlaza njengenyamazane, izinyamazane, izinyamazane, amagundane, isibonelo, izingwejeje, amagundane, ama-shrews kanye nonogwaja.

Abathengi be-oda lesibili bayizilwane ezidla ezinye. Ngokuvamile kuba impungushe, impisi, weasel, ermine, lynx, isikhova nabanye. Isibonelo esicacile sokuthi uhlobo olufanayo lubamba iqhaza kokubili emadlelweni kanye namaketanga okudla okulimazayo kuyoba yimpisi: ingakwazi ukuzingela izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane futhi idle inyama efile.

Abathengi besigaba sesibili ngokwabo bangaba izisulu zezilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi izinyoni: isibonelo, izikhova ezincane zingadliwa oklebe.

Isixhumanisi sokuvala sizoba ama-decomposers (i-bacteria yokubola).

Izibonelo zamaketanga okudla ehlathini elinezihlahla ze-coniferous:

• i-birch bark - i-hare - wolf - i-decomposers;
• izinkuni - izibungu ze-Maybug - i-woodpecker - i-hawk - i-decomposers;
• udoti wamaqabunga (detritus) - izikelemu - ama-shrews - isikhova - ama-decomposers.

Izici zamaketanga okudla emahlathini e-coniferous

Amahlathi anjalo atholakala enyakatho ye-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Zihlanganisa izihlahla ezifana nephayini, i-spruce, i-fir, imisedari, i-larch nezinye.

Lapha yonke into ihluke kakhulu amahlathi axubile navuthuluka.

Isixhumanisi sokuqala kuleli cala ngeke sibe utshani, kodwa i-moss, izihlahla noma ama-lichens. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi emahlathini e-coniferous akukho ukukhanya okwanele ukuze kube khona ikhava yotshani obuminyene.

Ngakho-ke, izilwane ezizoba abathengi be-oda lokuqala zizohluka - akufanele zidle utshani, kodwa i-moss, i-lichens noma izihlahla. Kungaba njalo ezinye izinhlobo zezinyamazane.

Naphezu kokuthi izihlahla nezihlahla zivame kakhulu, izitshalo ze-herbaceous nezihlahla zisatholakala emahlathini e-coniferous. Lezi yi-nettle, i-celandine, i-sitrobheli, i-elderberry. Onogwaja, i-moose, izingwejeje ngokuvamile zidla ukudla okunjalo, okungaba abathengi bokuqala.

Abathengi be-oda lesibili bazoba, njengamahlathi axubile, izilwane ezidla ezinye. Lezi yi-mink, ibhere, i-wolverine, i-lynx nabanye.

Izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinjengemink zingaba yizisulu zazo abathengi be-oda lesithathu.

Isixhumanisi sokuvala sizoba ama-microorganisms okubola.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, emahlathini e-coniferous avame kakhulu amaketanga okudla ayingozi. Lapha, isixhumanisi sokuqala ngokuvamile sizoba i-humus yezitshalo, ezondliwa amagciwane enhlabathi, ibe ukudla kwezilwane ezi-unicellular ezidliwa yisikhunta. Amaketango anjalo avamise ukuba made futhi angase abe nezixhumanisi ezingaphezu kwamahlanu.

Izibonelo zamaketanga okudla ehlathini le-coniferous:

• amantongomane kaphayini - squirrel - mink - ama-decomposers;
• plant humus (detritus) – amagciwane – protozoa – fungus – bear – decomposers.