Ukuzalaniswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaxoxo, ukuthi izilwane ezihlala emanzini zizalana kanjani

Amaxoxo angazala lapho eseneminyaka emine ubudala. Lapho zivuka ngemva kokulala, izilwane ezihlala emanzini zasemanzini ezivuthiwe ngokushesha zigijimela emanzini okuzala, lapho zifuna umlingani ofanele ngobukhulu. Eyeduna kufanele yenze izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamaqhinga phambi kwensikazi ukuze inakwe, njengokucula nokudansa, ibukise ngamandla nangokuyinhloko. Ngemva kokuba insikazi ikhethe isoka eliyithandayo, iqala ukufuna indawo yokubekela amaqanda futhi iwavundise.

Imidlalo Yomshado

Vote

Iningi lamaxoxo amaduna namaxoxo aheha abesifazane bezinhlobo zabo ngezwi, okungukuthi i-croaking, ehlukile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene: kolunye uhlobo lubukeka njenge-"trill" yekhilikithi, kanti kolunye lubukeka sengathi. evamile "qua-qua". Ungathola kalula amazwi abesilisa ku-inthanethi. Iphimbo elikhulu elisesizibeni ngeleduna, kuyilapho izwi lezinsikazi lithule kakhulu noma alikho ngokuphelele.

Ukuqomisana

• Ukubukeka kanye nombala.

Abesilisa bezinhlobo eziningi zamaxoxo, ngokwesibonelo, amaxoxo anobuthi basezindaweni ezishisayo, ashintsha umbala wawo ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abe mnyama. Kwabesilisa, ngokungafani nabesifazane, amehlo makhulu, izitho zokuzwa zithuthukiswa kangcono futhi ubuchopho bukhuliswa, ngokulandelana, futhi izidladla zangaphambili zihlotshiswe ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-calluses omshado, adingekayo ekuzaleni ukuze okhethiwe angakwazi ukuphunyuka. .

• Dance

Ukunaka kwabesifazane kungakhangwa futhi ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene. I-Colostethus trinitatis ivele igibele ngesigqi egatsheni, bese i-Colostethus palmatus ingena esimweni esihle lapho ibona insikazi emkhathizwe, kanti ezinye izinhlobo ezihlala eduze kwezimpophoma ziyakwazi ukuzulisa izidladla zazo kwabesifazane.

Owesilisa u-Colostethus collaris wenza umdanso wokuqomisana. Eyeduna ikhasela kweyensikazi bese ikhala kakhulu futhi ngokushesha, bese iyakhasa, inyakaze futhi igxume, kuyilapho iqhwanda emilenzeni yangemuva imile imile. Uma insikazi ingahlabeki umxhwele ngokusebenza kwayo, iphakamisa ikhanda, ibonise umphimbo wayo ophuzi ogqamile, lokhu kuyalinge owesilisa. Uma insikazi iwuthandile umdanso weduna, bese ibuka umdanso omuhle, igaqa ezindaweni ezahlukene ukuze ibone kangcono umdlalo weduna.

Ngezinye izikhathi izethameli eziningi zingabuthana: ngolunye usuku, ngenkathi bebuka i-Colostethus collaris, ososayensi babala abesifazane abayishumi nesishiyagalombili abagqolozela owesilisa oyedwa futhi bathuthela kwesinye isikhundla ku-synchrony. Ngemva kokudansa, iduna liyahamba kancane, kuyilapho livame ukuphenduka ukuze liqinisekise ukuthi intokazi yenhliziyo iyamlandela.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, kumaxoxo omcibisholo wegolide, abesifazane balwela abesilisa. Ngemva kokuthola iduna eliqhwandayo, insikazi ishaya imilenze yayo yangemuva emzimbeni wayo bese ibeka izidladla zayo zangaphambili kuyo, ingase futhi ihlikihle ikhanda layo esilevini seduna. Iduna elinokuthambekela okuncane liphendula ngendlela efanayo, kodwa hhayi njalo. Izigameko eziningi zirekhodwe lapho lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini lunezimpi phakathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa ngenxa yomlingani abamthandayo.

Ukuvundisa noma ukuthi amaxoxo azalana kanjani

Ukuvundisa okwenzeka ngaphandle

Lolu hlobo lokuvundisa lwenzeka kakhulu kumaxoxo. Eyeduna encane ihlanganisa insikazi ngokuqinile ngezidladla zayo zangaphambili bese ivundisa amaqanda azalelwe eyensikazi. Owesilisa ugone insikazi endaweni ye-amplexus posture, okuyinto kukhona ezintathu ongakhetha.

1. Ngemva kwezidladla zangaphambili zensikazi, iduna lenza ibhande (amaxoxo anobuso obubukhali)
2. Eyeduna ibamba insikazi ngaphambi kwezitho zangemuva (scaphiopus, spadefoot)
3. Kukhona ibhande lensikazi ngasentanyeni (amaselesele).

Ukuvundisa ngaphakathi

Ambalwa amaxoxo anobuthi (isibonelo, i-Dendrobates granuliferus, i-Dendrobates auratus) avundiswa ngendlela ehlukile: eyesifazane neyeduna iphendulela amakhanda ezinhlangothini ezihlukene bese ixhuma i-cloacae. Esimweni esifanayo, ukuvundiswa kwenzeka kuma-amphibians wezinhlobo ze-Nectophrynoides, eziqala ukuzala amaqanda, bese kuba ama-tadpoles esibelethweni kuze kuqedwe inqubo ye-metamorphosis futhi. azale amaxoxo aphelele.

Amaxoxo angamaduna anomsila ohlobo lwe-Ascaphus truei anesitho esithile sokuzala.

Phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa, amaduna ngokuvamile enza ama-calluses athile aqinile ezidlalweni zawo zangaphambili. Ngosizo lwala ma-calluses, iduna linamathela emzimbeni oshelelayo wensikazi. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: isibonelo, eseleseleni elivamile (Bufo bufo), iduna ligibela insikazi kude nechibi futhi ligibele kulo amamitha angamakhulu ambalwa. Futhi amanye amaduna angase agibele eyensikazi ngemva kokuba inqubo yokukhwelana isiphelile, ilinde insikazi ukuba yakhe isidleke futhi bekela amaqanda kuwo.

Uma inqubo yokukhwelana yenzeka emanzini, iduna lingakwazi ukubamba amaqanda azalelwe insikazi, licindezela imilenze yangemuva ukuze libe nesikhathi sokuvundisa amaqanda (izinhlobo - Bufo boreas). Imvamisa, abesilisa bangakwazi ukuhlangana futhi bagibele abesilisa ngokusobala abangakuthandi. "Isisulu" sikhiqiza umsindo othize nokudlidliza komzimba, okungukuthi umhlane, futhi kukuphoqa ukuthi wehle ngokwakho. Abesifazane nabo baziphatha ekupheleni kwenqubo yokuzala, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi owesilisa ngokwakhe angakhulula owesifazane lapho ezwa ukuthi isisu sakhe sesithambile futhi singenalutho. Imvamisa, abesifazane banyakazisa abesilisa abavilapha kakhulu ukwehla, bajike ngohlangothi futhi belule izitho zangemuva.

I-Soitie - i-amplexus

Izinhlobo ze-amplexus

Amaxoxo azalela amaqanda, njengezinhlanzi, njengoba i-caviar (amaqanda) kanye nemibungu ayinakho ukuzivumelanisa nentuthuko emhlabeni (anamnia). Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-amphibians zibekela amaqanda azo ezindaweni ezimangalisayo:

• emigodini, umthambeka owehlela emanzini. Lapho unoshobishobi uchanyuselwa, ugingqika emanzini, lapho uqhubeka nokukhula khona;
• insikazi enamafinyila aqoqwe esikhunjeni sayo yakha izidleke noma izigaxa, bese inamathisela isidleke emaqabunga alenga phezu kwechibi;
• abanye bagoqa iqanda ngalinye ngeqabunga elihlukile lesihlahla noma umhlanga olenga phezu kwamanzi;
• insikazi yohlobo lwe-Hylambates brevirostris ngokujwayelekile echamisela amaqanda emlonyeni wakhe. Amaduna ohlobo lwe-Darwin's rhinoderm anezikhwama ezikhethekile emphinjeni, lapho athwala khona amaqanda abekwe yinsikazi;
• amaxoxo anomlomo omncane ahlala ezindaweni ezomile, ezalela amaqanda emhlabathini omanzi, lapho kukhula khona unoshobishobi, bese kukhasa isilwane esiphila emanzini esiphila ngaphansi komhlaba;
• abesifazane bohlobo lwe-pipa bathwala amaqanda ngokwabo. Ngemva kokuba amaqanda evundisiwe, eyeduna iwacindezela ngemuva kwensikazi ngesisu, ibeka amaqanda emigqeni. Amaqanda anamathela ezitshalweni noma phansi kwechibi awakwazi ukukhula futhi afe. Zisinda emhlane wensikazi kuphela. Emahoreni ambalwa emva kokubeka, inqwaba empunga e-porous yakha ngemuva kwensikazi, lapho amaqanda angcwatshwa khona, bese kuba yi-molts yesifazane;
• ezinye izinhlobo zezinsikazi zakha ama-ring shafts ngamafinyila azo;
• kwezinye izinhlobo zamaxoxo, kwakheka isikhwama okuthiwa yi-brood pouch emiphethweni yesikhumba ngemuva, lapho i-amphibian ithwala amaqanda;
• ezinye izinhlobo zexoxo lase-Australia amaqanda esiswini kanye nonoshobishobi. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa esiswini ngosizo lwe-prostaglandin, umsebenzi wokukhiqiza ijusi yesisu uvaliwe.

Kuso sonke isikhathi sokukhulelwa kwe-tadpole, esithatha izinyanga ezimbili, ixoxo alidli lutho, kuyilapho lihlala lisebenza. Ngalesi sikhathi, usebenzisa izitolo zangaphakathi kuphela ze-glycogen namafutha, agcinwa esibindini sakhe. Ngemva kokumitha kwexoxo, isibindi sesele sincipha ngosayizi ngokuphindwe kathathu futhi awekho amafutha asele esiswini ngaphansi kwesikhumba.

Ngemuva kwe-oviposition, abesifazane abaningi bayashiya i-clutch yabo, kanye namanzi okuzala, baye ezindaweni zabo ezivamile.

Amaqanda ngokuvamile azungezwe ezinkulu ungqimba we-gelatinous. Igobolondo leqanda lidlala indima enkulu, njengoba iqanda livikelekile ekomeni, ekulimaleni, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, liyalivikela ekudlweni izilwane ezidla ezinye.

Ngemva kokubeka, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, igobolondo lamaqanda liyakhukhumala futhi libe ungqimba lwe-gelatinous obala, ngaphakathi lapho iqanda libonakala khona. Ingxenye engenhla yeqanda imnyama, kanti ingxenye engezansi, ngokuphambene nalokho, ilula. Ingxenye emnyama ishisa kakhulu, njengoba isebenzisa imisebe yelanga ngokuphumelelayo. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane ezihlala emanzini, izigaxa zamaqanda zintanta phezu kwechibi, lapho amanzi efudumele khona.

Izinga lokushisa eliphansi lamanzi libambezela ukukhula kombungu. Uma isimo sezulu sifudumele, iqanda liyahlukana izikhathi eziningi futhi lakheke libe umbungu wamangqamuzana amaningi. Emasontweni amabili kamuva, kunoshobishobi, isibungu sesele, siyaphuma eqandeni.

Tadpole kanye nokuthuthuka kwayo

Ngemva kokushiya isibeletho unoshobishobi uwela emanzini. Kakade ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-5, esesebenzise ukunikezwa kwezakhi ezivela emaqanda, uzokwazi ukubhukuda futhi adle yedwa. Yakha umlomo onemihlathi enezimpondo. I-tadpole idla ulwelwe lwe-protozoan nezinye izinambuzane zasemanzini.

Ngalesi sikhathi, umzimba, ikhanda, nomsila sekuvele kubonakala kuma-tadpoles.

Ikhanda likanoshobishobi likhulu, azikho izitho, isiphetho se-caudal somzimba sidlala indima ye-fin, umugqa ongemuva nawo uyabhekwa, futhi kukhona i-sucker eduze nomlomo (uhlobo lwe-tadpole lungabonakala ngomunyi). Ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva, igebe elisemaphethelweni omlomo ligcwele into efana noqhwaku lwenyoni, olusebenza njengesisiki socingo lapho unoshobishobi edla. Oshobishobi banamagill anezimbobo zegill. Ekuqaleni kokukhula, bangaphandle, kodwa ekuthuthukisweni bayashintsha futhi banamathisele emaphethelweni e-gill, atholakala ku-pharynx, kuyilapho kakade esebenza njengama-gill angaphakathi ajwayelekile. I-tadpole inenhliziyo enamagumbi amabili kanye nokujikeleza okukodwa.

Ngokusho kwe-anatomy, i-tadpole ekuqaleni kokukhula iseduze nezinhlanzi, futhi lapho isikhulile, isivele ifana nesilwane esihuquzelayo.

Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili noma ezintathu, oshobishobi bayakhula, bese kuba imilenze yangaphambili, nomsila kuqala uba mfishane, bese uyanyamalala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaphaphu abuye athuthuke.. Njengoba seyakhelwe ukuphefumula emhlabeni, unoshobishobi uqala ukukhuphukela phezulu echibini ukuze ugwinye umoya. Ukushintsha nokukhula kuncike kakhulu esimweni sezulu esishisayo.

Oshobishobi baqala ngokudla ukudla okuyimvelaphi yezitshalo, kodwa kancane kancane badlulela ekudleni kohlobo lwezilwane. Ixoxo elakhiwe lingafika ogwini uma liwuhlobo lwasemhlabeni, noma liqhubeke lihlala emanzini uma kuwuhlobo lwasemanzini. Amasele afike ogwini angamazinyane angaphansi konyaka. Izilwane ezihlala emanzini ezihlala emanzini ezibekela amaqanda emhlabeni ngezinye izikhathi ziqhubekela phambili ekuthuthukisweni ngaphandle kwenqubo ye-metamorphosis, okungukuthi, ngokuthuthuka okuqondile. Inqubo yokuthuthukisa ithatha cishe izinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, kusukela ekuqaleni kokubekela amaqanda kuze kube sekupheleni kokukhula kwe-tadpole ibe ixoxo eligcwele.

Amaselesele ane-amphibious poison dart bonisa ukuziphatha okuthakazelisayo. Ngemva kokuba onoshobishobi bechanyuselwe emaqandeni, insikazi emhlane wayo, ngayinye ngayinye, ibadlulisela esiqongweni sezihlahla ibe imiqumbe yezimbali, lapho amanzi enqwabelana khona ngemva kwemvula. Uhlobo olunjalo lwechibi luyigumbi elihle lezingane, lapho izingane ziqhubeka zikhula khona. Ukudla kwabo amaqanda angavundisiwe.

Ikhono lokuzala kumawundlu lifinyelelwa cishe ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila.

Ngemva kwenqubo yokuzalanisa amaxoxo aluhlaza ahlala emanzini noma uhlale ogwini eduze nedamu, kuyilapho unsundu uye emhlabeni usuka edamini. Ukuziphatha kwezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini kunqunywa kakhulu umswakama. Esimeni sezulu esishisayo, esomile, amaxoxo ansundu awavali kahle, njengoba ecasha emisebeni yelanga. Kodwa ngemva kokushona kwelanga, ziba nesikhathi sokuzingela. Njengoba uhlobo lwamaxoxo aluhlaza luhlala emanzini noma eduze namanzi, luyazingela nasemini.

Lapho kuqala inkathi ebandayo, amaxoxo ansundu athuthela endaweni yokugcina amanzi. Lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi liba ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lomoya, amaxoxo ansundu naluhlaza acwila phansi echibini isikhathi sonke samakhaza asebusika.