Ukudla okunoshukela kwezingulube ze-Guinea
Ukudla okunojusi kuhlanganisa izithelo, imifino, izitshalo zezimpande namakhaba. Zonke zidliwa kahle yizilwane, zinezindawo zokudla eziphakeme, zicebile ngama-carbohydrates agayeka kalula, kodwa awanamaprotheni, amafutha kanye namaminerali, ikakhulukazi abalulekile njenge-calcium ne-phosphorus.
Izinhlobo eziphuzi nezibomvu zezaqathi, eziqukethe i-carotene eningi, ziwukudla okumnandi okubaluleke kakhulu okuvela ezitshalweni zezimpande. Zivame ukuphakelwa ezinsikazi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nokuncelisa, ukuzalanisa amaduna ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kanye nezilwane ezincane.
Kwezinye izitshalo zezimpande, izilwane zidla ngokuzithandela ama-sugar beet, rutabaga, turnips, namatheniphu.
Rutabaga (Brassica napus L. subsp. napus) ikhuliselwa izimpande zayo ezidliwayo. Umbala wezimpande umhlophe noma ophuzi, futhi ingxenye yawo engaphezulu, ephuma emhlabathini, ithola i-tan eluhlaza, obomvu-obomvu noma onsomi. Inyama yesitshalo sempande inamanzi, iminyene, iphuzi, imhlophe kancane, imnandi, inokunambitheka okukhethekile kwamafutha esinaphi. Izimpande ze-swede ziqukethe u-11-17% wezinto ezomile, kuhlanganise no-5-10% ushukela, omele kakhulu ushukela, kufika ku-2% amaprotheni angcolile, 1,2% fiber, 0,2% fat, kanye no-23-70 mg% ascorbic acid. . (uvithamini C), amavithamini B no-P, usawoti we-potassium, i-calcium, i-phosphorus, insimbi, i-magnesium, isulfure. Izitshalo zezimpande zigcinwa kahle ezindlini ezingaphansi nasemaceleni emazingeni okushisa aphansi futhi zihlala zintsha cishe unyaka wonke. Izitshalo zezimpande namaqabunga (iziqongo) zidliwa izilwane ezifuywayo ngokuzithandela, ngakho-ke i-rutabaga ikhuliswa kokubili njengesitshalo sokudla nesokudla.
Izaqathe (I-Daucus sativus (Hoffm.) I-Roehl) isitshalo esiphuma emva kweminyaka emibili esivela emndenini we-Orchidaceae eyisilimo esiyigugu sefolishi, izitshalo zezimpande zaso zidla kalula zonke izinhlobo zemfuyo nezinkukhu. Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zezaqathi zefolishi ziye zazalaniswa, ezihlukaniswa ngobukhulu bezimpande ezinkulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, isivuno esiphezulu. Akuzona kuphela izitshalo zezimpande, kodwa namaqabunga e-carrot asetshenziselwa ukudla. Izimpande zezaqathi ziqukethe u-10-19% wezinto ezomile, kufaka phakathi amaprotheni afika ku-2,5% kanye noshukela ofika ku-12%. Ushukela unikeza ukunambitheka okumnandi kwezimpande zezaqathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zezimpande ziqukethe i-pectin, amavithamini C (kufika ku-20 mg%), B1, B2, B6, E, K, P, PP, calcium, phosphorus, iron, cobalt, boron, chromium, ithusi, iodine kanye nokunye okulandelanayo. izakhi. Kodwa ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwedayi ye-carotene ezimpandeni (kufika ku-37 mg%) kunikeza inani elikhethekile izaqathi. Kubantu nasezilwaneni, i-carotene iguqulwa ibe uvithamini A, ovame ukuntula. Ngakho-ke, ukudla izaqathe akuzuzisi kangako ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinomsoco, kodwa ngoba kunikeza umzimba cishe wonke amavithamini owadingayo.
Itheniphu (Brassica rapa L.) itshalwa ngenxa yezimpande zayo ezidliwayo. Inyama yesitshalo sempande inamanzi, aphuzi noma amhlophe, anokunambitheka okumnandi okungavamile. Aqukethe kusuka ku-8 kuya ku-17% wento eyomile, kuhlanganise no-3,5-9%. Ushukela, umelelwe ikakhulukazi ushukela, afinyelela ku-2% amaprotheni aluhlaza, 1.4% fiber, 0,1% fat, kanye 19-73 mg% ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 0,08-0,12 mg% thiamine ( uvithamini B1 ), i-riboflavin encane (i-vitamin B2), i-carotene (i-provitamin A), i-nicotinic acid (i-vitamin PP), usawoti we-potassium, i-calcium, i-phosphorus, insimbi, i-magnesium, isulfure. Amafutha e-mustard aqukethwe kuwo anikeza iphunga elithile kanye nokunambitheka okubabayo empandeni yetheniphu. Ebusika, izitshalo zezimpande zigcinwa emiphongolweni nasezinsikeni. Ukulondolozwa okungcono kakhulu kuqinisekiswa ebumnyameni ekushiseni kuka-0 ° kuya ku-1 ° C, ikakhulukazi uma izimpande zifafazwa ngesihlabathi esomile noma ama-peat chips. Izinkantolo ezingemuva zetheniphu zibizwa ngamatheniphu. Akudliwa izitshalo zezimpande kuphela, kodwa namaqabunga etheniphu.
UBeetroot (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. esculenta Guerke), isitshalo esiphuma eminyakeni emibili emndenini we-haze, ingenye yefolishi elimnandi kakhulu. Izitshalo zezimpande zezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene ziyehluka ngesimo, ubukhulu, umbala. Imvamisa, isivuno sempande ye-beet yetafula asidluli isigamu sekhilogremu enesisindo esingu-10-20 cm. I-pulp yezitshalo zezimpande ivela emithunzini ehlukahlukene ebomvu nebomvu. Amaqabunga anepuleti le-cordate-ovate kanye nama-petioles amade. I-petiole ne-central vein imvamisa iba burgundy ngombala, imvamisa lonke iqabunga leqabunga libomvu-luhlaza.
Kokubili izimpande namaqabunga kanye nama-petioles awo kuyadliwa. Izitshalo zezimpande ziqukethe i-14-20% yento eyomile, kufaka phakathi ushukela ongu-8-12,5%, omelwe ikakhulukazi yi-sucrose, i-1-2,4% yamaprotheni aluhlaza, cishe i-1,2% ye-pectin, i-0,7% fiber, kanye kuze kufike ku-25 mg% we-ascorbic acid (uvithamini C), amavithamini B1, B2, P no-PP, i-malic, i-tartaric, i-lactic acid, usawoti we-potassium, i-calcium, i-phosphorus, insimbi, i-magnesium. Ku-beet petioles, okuqukethwe kwevithamini C kuphakeme nakakhulu kunezitshalo zezimpande - kufika ku-50 mg%.
Ama-beet nawo afaneleka ngoba izitshalo zawo zezimpande, uma ziqhathaniswa neminye imifino, zihlukaniswa ngokukhanya okuhle - aziwohloki isikhathi eside ngesikhathi sokugcina isikhathi eside, zigcinwa kalula kuze kube yintwasahlobo, ezivumela ukuthi zondliwe zintsha cishe zonke. unyaka wonke. Ngisho noma ziba lukhuni futhi zibe lukhuni ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu akuyona inkinga yamagundane, adla ngokuzithandela noma yikuphi ama-beet.
Ngezinhloso zefolishi, izinhlobo ezikhethekile zama-beet ziye zafuywa. Umbala wezimpande zefolishi ye-beet uhluke kakhulu - kusukela cishe kumhlophe kuya kokuphuzi okujulile, okusawolintshi, okupinki nokubomvu. Inani labo lokudla okunempilo linqunywa okuqukethwe ushukela ongu-6-12%, inani elithile lamaprotheni namavithamini.
Izitshalo zezimpande ne-tuber, ikakhulukazi ebusika, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphakeleni kwezilwane. Izitshalo zezimpande (ama-turnips, ama-beet, njll.) kufanele zinikezwe eluhlaza ngefomu elisikiwe; zihlanzwa kuqala emhlabathini futhi zigezwe.
Imifino kanye nezitshalo zezimpande zilungiselelwa ukuphakelwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: zihlunga, zilahle ezibolile, ezigqagqene, izitshalo zezimpande eziguquguqukayo, ziphinde zisuse inhlabathi, udoti, njll. Bese usika izindawo ezithintekile ngommese, ugeze futhi uthathe izingcezu ezincane.
Amathanga - ithanga, i-zucchini, ikhabe lefolishi - aqukethe amanzi amaningi (90% noma ngaphezulu), ngenxa yalokho inani lawo lomsoco liphansi, kodwa adliwa izilwane ngokuthanda. I-Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L var, giromontia Duch.) iyisitshalo esihle sefolishi. Itshalwa izithelo zayo. Izithelo zifinyelela ukuvuthwa okuthengiswayo (kobuchwepheshe) ezinsukwini ezingama-40-60 ngemuva kokuhluma. Esimeni sokuvuthwa kwezobuchwepheshe, isikhumba se-zucchini sithambile impela, inyama inamanzi, imhlophe, futhi imbewu ayikambozwa ngegobolondo eliqinile. I-pulp yezithelo ze-squash iqukethe kusuka ku-4 kuya ku-12% wezinto ezomile, kufaka phakathi u-2-2,5% ushukela, i-pectin, i-12-40 mg% ascorbic acid (i-vitamin C). Kamuva, lapho izithelo ze-squash zifinyelela ukuvuthwa kwezinto eziphilayo, inani lazo lokudla okunempilo lehla kakhulu, ngoba inyama ilahlekelwa i-juiciness yayo futhi icishe ibe nzima njengamagxolo angaphandle, lapho ungqimba lwezicubu zemishini - i-sclerenchyma - ikhula. Izithelo ezivuthiwe ze-zucchini zilungele kuphela ukudla kwemfuyo. Ikhukhamba (Cucumis sativus L.) Amakhukhamba afanele ngokwebhayoloji ama-ovari anezinsuku eziyi-6-15. Umbala wazo esimweni sokuhweba (okungukuthi ongavuthiwe) uluhlaza, ngokuvuthwa okugcwele kwezinto eziphilayo ziba phuzi, zibe nsundu noma zibe mhlophe. Ukhukhamba uqukethe kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-6% okomile, okuhlanganisa ushukela ongu-1-2,5%, 0,5-1% weprotheyini engahluziwe, 0,7% fiber, 0,1% fat, kufika ku-20 mg% carotene (provitamin A ), amavithamini B1, B2, ezinye izakhi zokulandelela (ikakhulukazi iodine), usawoti we-calcium (kuze kufike ku-150 mg%), i-sodium, i-calcium, i-phosphorus, insimbi, njll. Kufanele kukhulunywe ngokukhethekile nge-cucurbitacin glycoside equkethwe kukhukhamba. Ngokuvamile asikuqapheli, kodwa ezimweni lapho le nto inqwabelana khona, ikhukhamba noma izingxenye zayo ngazinye, ngokuvamile izicubu ezingaphezulu, ziyababa, azidleki. I-94-98% yesisindo sekhukhamba amanzi, ngakho-ke, inani lokudla okunomsoco walo mifino liphansi. Ikhukhamba ikhuthaza ukumuncwa okungcono kokunye ukudla, ikakhulukazi, ithuthukisa ukumuncwa kwamafutha. Izithelo zalesi sitshalo ziqukethe ama-enzyme akhulisa umsebenzi wamavithamini B.
Ukudla okunojusi kuhlanganisa izithelo, imifino, izitshalo zezimpande namakhaba. Zonke zidliwa kahle yizilwane, zinezindawo zokudla eziphakeme, zicebile ngama-carbohydrates agayeka kalula, kodwa awanamaprotheni, amafutha kanye namaminerali, ikakhulukazi abalulekile njenge-calcium ne-phosphorus.
Izinhlobo eziphuzi nezibomvu zezaqathi, eziqukethe i-carotene eningi, ziwukudla okumnandi okubaluleke kakhulu okuvela ezitshalweni zezimpande. Zivame ukuphakelwa ezinsikazi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nokuncelisa, ukuzalanisa amaduna ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kanye nezilwane ezincane.
Kwezinye izitshalo zezimpande, izilwane zidla ngokuzithandela ama-sugar beet, rutabaga, turnips, namatheniphu.
Rutabaga (Brassica napus L. subsp. napus) ikhuliselwa izimpande zayo ezidliwayo. Umbala wezimpande umhlophe noma ophuzi, futhi ingxenye yawo engaphezulu, ephuma emhlabathini, ithola i-tan eluhlaza, obomvu-obomvu noma onsomi. Inyama yesitshalo sempande inamanzi, iminyene, iphuzi, imhlophe kancane, imnandi, inokunambitheka okukhethekile kwamafutha esinaphi. Izimpande ze-swede ziqukethe u-11-17% wezinto ezomile, kuhlanganise no-5-10% ushukela, omele kakhulu ushukela, kufika ku-2% amaprotheni angcolile, 1,2% fiber, 0,2% fat, kanye no-23-70 mg% ascorbic acid. . (uvithamini C), amavithamini B no-P, usawoti we-potassium, i-calcium, i-phosphorus, insimbi, i-magnesium, isulfure. Izitshalo zezimpande zigcinwa kahle ezindlini ezingaphansi nasemaceleni emazingeni okushisa aphansi futhi zihlala zintsha cishe unyaka wonke. Izitshalo zezimpande namaqabunga (iziqongo) zidliwa izilwane ezifuywayo ngokuzithandela, ngakho-ke i-rutabaga ikhuliswa kokubili njengesitshalo sokudla nesokudla.
Izaqathe (I-Daucus sativus (Hoffm.) I-Roehl) isitshalo esiphuma emva kweminyaka emibili esivela emndenini we-Orchidaceae eyisilimo esiyigugu sefolishi, izitshalo zezimpande zaso zidla kalula zonke izinhlobo zemfuyo nezinkukhu. Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zezaqathi zefolishi ziye zazalaniswa, ezihlukaniswa ngobukhulu bezimpande ezinkulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, isivuno esiphezulu. Akuzona kuphela izitshalo zezimpande, kodwa namaqabunga e-carrot asetshenziselwa ukudla. Izimpande zezaqathi ziqukethe u-10-19% wezinto ezomile, kufaka phakathi amaprotheni afika ku-2,5% kanye noshukela ofika ku-12%. Ushukela unikeza ukunambitheka okumnandi kwezimpande zezaqathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zezimpande ziqukethe i-pectin, amavithamini C (kufika ku-20 mg%), B1, B2, B6, E, K, P, PP, calcium, phosphorus, iron, cobalt, boron, chromium, ithusi, iodine kanye nokunye okulandelanayo. izakhi. Kodwa ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwedayi ye-carotene ezimpandeni (kufika ku-37 mg%) kunikeza inani elikhethekile izaqathi. Kubantu nasezilwaneni, i-carotene iguqulwa ibe uvithamini A, ovame ukuntula. Ngakho-ke, ukudla izaqathe akuzuzisi kangako ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinomsoco, kodwa ngoba kunikeza umzimba cishe wonke amavithamini owadingayo.
Itheniphu (Brassica rapa L.) itshalwa ngenxa yezimpande zayo ezidliwayo. Inyama yesitshalo sempande inamanzi, aphuzi noma amhlophe, anokunambitheka okumnandi okungavamile. Aqukethe kusuka ku-8 kuya ku-17% wento eyomile, kuhlanganise no-3,5-9%. Ushukela, umelelwe ikakhulukazi ushukela, afinyelela ku-2% amaprotheni aluhlaza, 1.4% fiber, 0,1% fat, kanye 19-73 mg% ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 0,08-0,12 mg% thiamine ( uvithamini B1 ), i-riboflavin encane (i-vitamin B2), i-carotene (i-provitamin A), i-nicotinic acid (i-vitamin PP), usawoti we-potassium, i-calcium, i-phosphorus, insimbi, i-magnesium, isulfure. Amafutha e-mustard aqukethwe kuwo anikeza iphunga elithile kanye nokunambitheka okubabayo empandeni yetheniphu. Ebusika, izitshalo zezimpande zigcinwa emiphongolweni nasezinsikeni. Ukulondolozwa okungcono kakhulu kuqinisekiswa ebumnyameni ekushiseni kuka-0 ° kuya ku-1 ° C, ikakhulukazi uma izimpande zifafazwa ngesihlabathi esomile noma ama-peat chips. Izinkantolo ezingemuva zetheniphu zibizwa ngamatheniphu. Akudliwa izitshalo zezimpande kuphela, kodwa namaqabunga etheniphu.
UBeetroot (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. esculenta Guerke), isitshalo esiphuma eminyakeni emibili emndenini we-haze, ingenye yefolishi elimnandi kakhulu. Izitshalo zezimpande zezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene ziyehluka ngesimo, ubukhulu, umbala. Imvamisa, isivuno sempande ye-beet yetafula asidluli isigamu sekhilogremu enesisindo esingu-10-20 cm. I-pulp yezitshalo zezimpande ivela emithunzini ehlukahlukene ebomvu nebomvu. Amaqabunga anepuleti le-cordate-ovate kanye nama-petioles amade. I-petiole ne-central vein imvamisa iba burgundy ngombala, imvamisa lonke iqabunga leqabunga libomvu-luhlaza.
Kokubili izimpande namaqabunga kanye nama-petioles awo kuyadliwa. Izitshalo zezimpande ziqukethe i-14-20% yento eyomile, kufaka phakathi ushukela ongu-8-12,5%, omelwe ikakhulukazi yi-sucrose, i-1-2,4% yamaprotheni aluhlaza, cishe i-1,2% ye-pectin, i-0,7% fiber, kanye kuze kufike ku-25 mg% we-ascorbic acid (uvithamini C), amavithamini B1, B2, P no-PP, i-malic, i-tartaric, i-lactic acid, usawoti we-potassium, i-calcium, i-phosphorus, insimbi, i-magnesium. Ku-beet petioles, okuqukethwe kwevithamini C kuphakeme nakakhulu kunezitshalo zezimpande - kufika ku-50 mg%.
Ama-beet nawo afaneleka ngoba izitshalo zawo zezimpande, uma ziqhathaniswa neminye imifino, zihlukaniswa ngokukhanya okuhle - aziwohloki isikhathi eside ngesikhathi sokugcina isikhathi eside, zigcinwa kalula kuze kube yintwasahlobo, ezivumela ukuthi zondliwe zintsha cishe zonke. unyaka wonke. Ngisho noma ziba lukhuni futhi zibe lukhuni ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu akuyona inkinga yamagundane, adla ngokuzithandela noma yikuphi ama-beet.
Ngezinhloso zefolishi, izinhlobo ezikhethekile zama-beet ziye zafuywa. Umbala wezimpande zefolishi ye-beet uhluke kakhulu - kusukela cishe kumhlophe kuya kokuphuzi okujulile, okusawolintshi, okupinki nokubomvu. Inani labo lokudla okunempilo linqunywa okuqukethwe ushukela ongu-6-12%, inani elithile lamaprotheni namavithamini.
Izitshalo zezimpande ne-tuber, ikakhulukazi ebusika, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphakeleni kwezilwane. Izitshalo zezimpande (ama-turnips, ama-beet, njll.) kufanele zinikezwe eluhlaza ngefomu elisikiwe; zihlanzwa kuqala emhlabathini futhi zigezwe.
Imifino kanye nezitshalo zezimpande zilungiselelwa ukuphakelwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: zihlunga, zilahle ezibolile, ezigqagqene, izitshalo zezimpande eziguquguqukayo, ziphinde zisuse inhlabathi, udoti, njll. Bese usika izindawo ezithintekile ngommese, ugeze futhi uthathe izingcezu ezincane.
Amathanga - ithanga, i-zucchini, ikhabe lefolishi - aqukethe amanzi amaningi (90% noma ngaphezulu), ngenxa yalokho inani lawo lomsoco liphansi, kodwa adliwa izilwane ngokuthanda. I-Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L var, giromontia Duch.) iyisitshalo esihle sefolishi. Itshalwa izithelo zayo. Izithelo zifinyelela ukuvuthwa okuthengiswayo (kobuchwepheshe) ezinsukwini ezingama-40-60 ngemuva kokuhluma. Esimeni sokuvuthwa kwezobuchwepheshe, isikhumba se-zucchini sithambile impela, inyama inamanzi, imhlophe, futhi imbewu ayikambozwa ngegobolondo eliqinile. I-pulp yezithelo ze-squash iqukethe kusuka ku-4 kuya ku-12% wezinto ezomile, kufaka phakathi u-2-2,5% ushukela, i-pectin, i-12-40 mg% ascorbic acid (i-vitamin C). Kamuva, lapho izithelo ze-squash zifinyelela ukuvuthwa kwezinto eziphilayo, inani lazo lokudla okunempilo lehla kakhulu, ngoba inyama ilahlekelwa i-juiciness yayo futhi icishe ibe nzima njengamagxolo angaphandle, lapho ungqimba lwezicubu zemishini - i-sclerenchyma - ikhula. Izithelo ezivuthiwe ze-zucchini zilungele kuphela ukudla kwemfuyo. Ikhukhamba (Cucumis sativus L.) Amakhukhamba afanele ngokwebhayoloji ama-ovari anezinsuku eziyi-6-15. Umbala wazo esimweni sokuhweba (okungukuthi ongavuthiwe) uluhlaza, ngokuvuthwa okugcwele kwezinto eziphilayo ziba phuzi, zibe nsundu noma zibe mhlophe. Ukhukhamba uqukethe kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-6% okomile, okuhlanganisa ushukela ongu-1-2,5%, 0,5-1% weprotheyini engahluziwe, 0,7% fiber, 0,1% fat, kufika ku-20 mg% carotene (provitamin A ), amavithamini B1, B2, ezinye izakhi zokulandelela (ikakhulukazi iodine), usawoti we-calcium (kuze kufike ku-150 mg%), i-sodium, i-calcium, i-phosphorus, insimbi, njll. Kufanele kukhulunywe ngokukhethekile nge-cucurbitacin glycoside equkethwe kukhukhamba. Ngokuvamile asikuqapheli, kodwa ezimweni lapho le nto inqwabelana khona, ikhukhamba noma izingxenye zayo ngazinye, ngokuvamile izicubu ezingaphezulu, ziyababa, azidleki. I-94-98% yesisindo sekhukhamba amanzi, ngakho-ke, inani lokudla okunomsoco walo mifino liphansi. Ikhukhamba ikhuthaza ukumuncwa okungcono kokunye ukudla, ikakhulukazi, ithuthukisa ukumuncwa kwamafutha. Izithelo zalesi sitshalo ziqukethe ama-enzyme akhulisa umsebenzi wamavithamini B.
Ukudla okuluhlaza kwezingulube ze-Guinea
Izingulube zaseGuinea azidla imifino ngokuphelele, ngakho ukudla okuluhlaza kuyisisekelo sokudla kwazo. Ukuze uthole ulwazi ngokuthi yiziphi amakhambi nezitshalo ezingasetshenziswa njengokudla okuluhlaza kwezingulube, funda isihloko.
Kukhona Ongakuthanda
Izinhlobo zezingulube ze-Guinea ezinezithombe namagama
Isondo le-Hamster: izinhlobo nendlela yokukhetha (isithombe)
