Ukuhlolwa kwegazi okujwayelekile kanye ne-biochemical ezinjeni: ukucacisa izinkomba
Okuqukethwe
Izinhlobo zokuhlolwa kwegazi ezinjeni
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuhlolwa nokubalwa kwegazi ezinjeni, sizoxoxa ngokubaluleke kakhulu kuzo: ukuhlaziywa okujwayelekile komtholampilo (CCA) kanye nokuhlolwa kwegazi kwe-biochemical (BC). Udokotela onolwazi, ngokuqhathanisa umlando nemiphumela yokuhlolwa, angakwazi ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela okufanele ayikhethe ekuxilongweni nokuthi ungasiza kanjani isiguli.
Ukuhlaziya okujwayelekile
Isibalo segazi esiphelele ezinjeni sizobonisa izimpawu zokutheleleka, ukushuba kwenqubo yokuvuvukala, izimo ze-anemia nokunye okungajwayelekile.
Izici eziyinhloko:
I-Hematocrit (Ht) β iphesenti lamangqamuzana abomvu egazi maqondana nomthamo wegazi. Uma amangqamuzana egazi abomvu engeziwe egazini, le nkomba izoba phezulu. Lona umaka omkhulu we-anemia. Ukwanda kwe-hematocrit ngokuvamile akuthwali ukubaluleka okukhulu komtholampilo, kuyilapho ukuncipha kwayo kuwuphawu olubi.
I-Hemoglobin (Hb) β iprotein complex equkethwe kuma-erythrocyte kanye nomoya-mpilo obophayo. Njenge-hematocrit, idlala indima enkulu ekuxilongweni kwe-anemia. Ukwanda kwayo kungase kubonise ukuntula umoya-mpilo.
Amaseli egazi abomvu (RBC) - amangqamuzana egazi abomvu anesibopho sokuthuthwa komoyampilo nezinye izinto futhi ayiqembu eliningi kakhulu lamaseli egazi. Inombolo yabo ihlobene eduze ne-hemoglobin index futhi inokubaluleka okufanayo komtholampilo.
I-Leukocytes (WBC) - amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi anesibopho sokuzivikela komzimba, ukulwa nezifo. Leli qembu lihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbalwa zamaseli anemisebenzi eyahlukene. Isilinganiso sezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-leukocyte komunye nomunye sibizwa ngokuthi i-leukogram futhi sibaluleke kakhulu emitholampilo ezinjeni.
Ama-neutrophils - ahamba kakhulu, akwazi ukudlula emigomeni yezicubu, ashiye umjikelezo wegazi futhi abe nekhono le-phagocytosis (ukumuncwa) kwama-agent angaphandle njengama-virus, amagciwane, i-protozoa. Kunamaqembu ama-2 wama-neutrophils. Ukugwaza - ama-neutrophils angavuthiwe, asanda kungena egazini. Uma inani labo lenyuswa, khona-ke umzimba usabela ngokuqinile kulesi sifo, kuyilapho ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ze-neutrophils ezihlukene (ezivuthiwe) kuzobonisa inkambo engapheli yesifo.
I-Eosinophils - iqembu elincane lamangqamuzana amakhulu, inhloso eyinhloko yawo ukulwa nama-parasites amaningi. Ukwanda kwabo cishe njalo kubonisa ukuhlasela kwe-parasitic. Nokho, izinga labo elivamile alisho ukuthi isilwane asinazo izimuncagazi.
Ama-Basophils - amaseli abhekene nokungezwani komzimba nokugcinwa kwawo. Ezinjeni, ama-basophil ayanda kakhulu, ngokungafani nabantu, ngisho noma kukhona ukungezwani komzimba.
Ama-monocyte - amangqamuzana amakhulu akwazi ukuphuma egazini futhi angene kunoma yikuphi ukugxila kokuvuvukala. Ziyingxenye eyinhloko yobomvu. Ukwanda nge-sepsis (amagciwane angena egazini).
Ama-Lymphocyte - anesibopho sokuzivikela okuthile. Ngemva kokuhlangana nokutheleleka, "bakhumbula" i-pathogen futhi bafunde ukulwa nayo. Ukwanda kwabo kuzobonisa inqubo yokutheleleka, futhi bangakhula nge-oncology. Ukuncipha kuzokhuluma nge-immunosuppression, izifo zomnkantsha wamathambo, amagciwane.
Ama-platelet - amangqamuzana angewona enyukliya, umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukumisa ukopha. Bayohlala bekhuphuka ngokulahleka kwegazi, njengendlela yokubuyisela. Zingancishiswa ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: noma zilahlekile ngokweqile (ubuthi be-thrombotic, ukulahlekelwa igazi, izifo), noma azikhiwe ngokwanele (izimila, izifo zomnkantsha, njll.). Kodwa ngokuvamile athathwa kancane ngephutha uma ihlule legazi lakheke kushubhu lokuhlola (i-artifact yocwaningo).
Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo
I-biochemistry yegazi lenja izosiza ukunquma noma ukuphakamisa izifo zezitho zomuntu ngamunye, kodwa ukuze uqonde kahle imiphumela, udinga ukuqonda ingqikithi yenkomba ngayinye.
Izici eziyinhloko:
I-albhamuen iyiphrotheni elula, encibilika emanzini. Ibandakanyeka enanini elikhulu lezinqubo, ukusuka ekudleni kwamaseli kuya ekuthuthweni kwamavithamini. Ukwanda kwayo akunakubaluleka komtholampilo, kanti ukwehla kungase kubonise izifo ezimbi ngokulahleka kwamaprotheni noma ukwephulwa kwe-metabolism yayo.
I-ALT (i-alanine aminotransferase) I-enzyme etholakala kumaseli amaningi omzimba. Inani layo elikhulu kunawo wonke litholakala kumaseli esibindi, izinso, inhliziyo nemisipha. Inkomba iyanda ngezifo zalezi zitho (ikakhulukazi isibindi). Kuyenzeka futhi ngemva kokulimala (ngenxa yokulimala kwemisipha) nangesikhathi se-hemolysis (ukubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi).
I-AST (aspartate aminotransferase) - i-enzyme, efana ne-ALT, equkethwe esibindini, emisipha, e-myocardium, izinso, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu, nodonga lwamathumbu. Izinga layo cishe lihlala lihlobana nezinga le-ALT, kodwa ku-myocarditis, izinga le-AST lizoba phezulu kuneleveli ye-ALT, njengoba i-AST iqukethe inani elikhulu ku-myocardium.
I-Alpha amylase - i-enzyme ekhiqizwa kumanyikwe (PZh), yokuwohloka kwama-carbohydrate. I-Amylase, njengenkomba, inokubaluleka okuncane komtholampilo. Ingena egazini isuka ku-duodenum, ngokulandelana, ukwanda kwayo kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokwanda kokungena kwamathumbu emathunjini kunokuba kube nezifo ze-pancreas.
I-Bilirubin iyi-pigment etholakala ku-bile. Ukwanda kwezifo zesistimu ye-hepatobiliary. Ngokukhula kwayo, ulwelwesi lwamafinyila luthatha umthunzi we-icteric (icteric).
I-GGT (i-gamma-glutamyl transferase) β i-enzyme etholakala kumaseli esibindi, amanyikwe, indlala yebele, ubende, amathumbu, kodwa ayitholakali ku-myocardium nemisipha. Ukwanda kwezinga layo kuzobonisa ukulimala kwezicubu eziqukethwe kuzo.
IGlucose - ushukela olula, osetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla. Izinguquko enanini layo egazini zizokhombisa ngokuyinhloko isimo se-metabolism. Ukuntula ngokuvamile kuzohlotshaniswa nokungatholi kahle kwakho (ngesikhathi sendlala) noma ukulahlekelwa (ubuthi, izidakamizwa). Ukwanda kuzobonisa izifo ezinzima ezifana nesifo sikashukela, ukwehluleka kwezinso, njll.
I-Creatinine iwumkhiqizo wokuwohloka kwamaprotheni. Ikhishwa yizinso, ngakho-ke uma umsebenzi wabo uphazamiseka, uzokwanda. Kodwa-ke, inganyuswa ngokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ukulimala, ukunganaki indlala ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwegazi.
I-Urea ingumkhiqizo wokugcina wokuwohloka kwamaprotheni. I-Urea yakheka esibindini futhi ikhishwa yizinso. Kuyanda ngokuhlulwa kwalezi zitho. Yehla ekuhlulekeni kwesibindi.
I-Alkaline phosphatase - i-enzyme equkethwe kumaseli esibindi, izinso, amathumbu, amanyikwe, i-placenta, amathambo. Ezifweni ze-gallbladder, i-alkaline phosphatase cishe ikhuphuka njalo. Kodwa futhi kungandiswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, i-enteropathy, izifo zomlomo womlomo, ngesikhathi sokukhula.
Izinkambiso zemingcele yegazi
Ekuhlaziyeni jikelele
Ithebula lokucacisa izinkambiso zezinkomba zokuhlolwa kwegazi okujwayelekile ezinjeni
| Index | Inja endala, evamile | Umdlwane, okujwayelekile |
| I-Hemoglobin (g/L) | 120-180 | 90-120 |
| I-Hematocrit (%) | 35-55 | 29-48 |
| Ama-Erythrocyte (isigidi/Β΅l) | 5.5-8.5 | 3.6-7.4 |
| I-leukocyte (inkulungwane/Β΅l) | 5.5-16 | 5.5-16 |
| Hlaba ama-neutrophils (%) | 0-3 | 0-3 |
| Ama-neutrophils ahlukaniswe (%) | 60-70 | 60-70 |
| Ama-Monocyte (%) | 3-10 | 3-10 |
| Ama-lymphocyte (%) | 12-30 | 12-30 |
| Ama-Platelets (inkulungwane/Β΅l) | 140-480 | 140-480 |
Ekuhlaziyweni kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo
Izinkambiso zezinkomba zokuhlolwa kwegazi kwe-biochemical ezinjeni
| Index | Inja endala, evamile | Umdlwane, okujwayelekile |
| I-albhamuin (g/L) | 25-40 | 15-40 |
| IGOLIDE (amayunithi/l) | 10-65 | 10-45 |
| I-AST (amayunithi/l) | 10-50 | 10-23 |
| I-Alpha-amylase (amayunithi/l) | 350-2000 | 350-2000 |
| I-bilirubin eqondile Isamba se-bilirubin (ΞΌmol/L) | ||
| I-GGT (amayunithi/l) | ||
| IGlucose (mmol/l) | 4.3-6.6 | 2.8-12 |
| I-Urea (mmol/l) | 3-9 | 3-9 |
| I-Creatinine (ΞΌmol/L) | 33-136 | 33-136 |
| I-Alkaline phosphatase (u/l) | 10-80 | 70-520 |
| I-calcium (mmol/l) | 2.25-2.7 | 2.1-3.4 |
| I-Phosphorus (mmol/l) | 1.01-1.96 | 1.2-3.6 |
Ukuchezuka ekubalweni kwegazi
Ukuhlaziya okujwayelekile
Ukucacisa ukuhlolwa kwegazi ezinjeni
| Index | Ngaphezu kwesimiso | Ngaphansi kokujwayelekile |
| IHemoglobin I-Hematocrit Ama-erythrocyte | Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni I-Hypoxia (izifo zamaphaphu, inhliziyo) Izimila ze-BMC | I-anemia yezifo ezingapheli Isifo sezinso ezingapheli Ukulahlekelwa igazi I-Hemolysis Ukushoda Kwensimbi Izifo zomnkantsha Ukuzila ukudla isikhathi eside |
| ama-leukocytes | Amagciwane (amabhaktheriya, amagciwane) ukudla kwakamuva ukukhulelwa Inqubo yokuvuvukala evamile | Ukutheleleka (isb, i-parvovirus enteritis) I-Immunosuppression Izifo zomnkantsha ukopha |
| Ama-neutrophils ayagwazwa | Ukuvuvukala okunamandla Ukutheleleka okunamandla | - |
| Ama-neutrophils ahlukaniswe | Ukuvuvukala okungapheli ukutheleleka okungapheli | Izifo ze-KCM Ukulahlekelwa igazi Ezinye izifo |
| I-Monocytes | Ukutheleleka Izicubu Amanxeba | Izifo ze-KCM ukulahleka kwegazi I-Immunosuppression |
| Ama-Lymphocyte | Izifo Izimila (kuhlanganise lymphoma) | Izifo ze-KCM ukulahleka kwegazi I-Immunosuppression Ukutheleleka ngegciwane |
| Amapulatifomu | Ukulahleka kwegazi/ukulimala kwakamuva Izifo ze-KCM Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni | Ukulahlekelwa igazi Izinto ze-Hemolytic (ubuthi, ezinye izidakamizwa) Izifo ze-KCM Ukwephulwa kokuhlaziya kwangaphambili |
Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo
Ukucacisa ukuhlolwa kwegazi kwe-biochemical ezinjeni
| Index | Ngaphezu kwesimiso | Ngaphansi kokujwayelekile |
| I-albhamuen | Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni | Ukuhluleka kwesibindi I-Enteropathy noma i-nephropathy elahlekelwa amaprotheni Izifo Izilonda ezinkulu zesikhumba (i-pyoderma, i-atopy, i-eczema) Ukungadli amaprotheni okwanele I-edema / edema Ukulahlekelwa igazi |
| ALT | I-atrophy yesibindi Ukuntuleka kwe-pyridoxine | I-Hepatopathy (i-neoplasia, i-hepatitis, i-lipidosis yesibindi, njll.) I-Hypoxia Ubuthi i-pancreatitis Ukulimala |
| I-AST | I-atrophy yesibindi Ukuntuleka kwe-pyridoxine | I-Hepatopathy Ubuthi/ukudakwa Ukusetshenziswa kwe-corticosteroids I-Hypoxia Ukulimala I-Hemolysis i-pancreatitis |
| I-Alpha amylase | - | Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni i-pancreatitis Izinso I-Enteropathies / ukuqhuma kwamathumbu I-Hepatopathies Ukuthatha i-corticosteroids |
| I-Bilirubin | - | I-Hemolysis Izifo zesibindi kanye ne-gallbladder |
| I-GGT | - | Izifo zesibindi kanye ne-gallbladder |
| I-glucose | Indlala Izicubu Sepsis Ukuhluleka kwesibindi Ukukhulelwa sekwephuzile | Diabetes Ukukhathazeka/ukwesaba I-Hepatocutaneous syndrome Hyperthyroidism Ukumelana ne-insulin (nge-acromegaly, hyperadrenocorticism, njll.) |
| urea | Ukuhluleka kwesibindi Ukulahlekelwa amaprotheni Ama-Ascites Indlala | Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni/hypovolemia/ukwethuka Ukushisa Ukuhluleka kwezinso nokunye ukulimala kwezinso Ubuthi |
| I-Creatinine | ukukhulelwa Hyperthyroidism I-cachexia | Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni/hypovolemia Izinso Ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo Ukudla amaprotheni amaningi (ukudla inyama) |
| I-Alkaline phosphatase | - | Izifo zesibindi kanye ne-gallbladder Ukwelashwa ngama-anticonvulsants i-pancreatitis Ubudala obuncane Izifo zamazinyo Izifo zamathambo (resorption, fractures) Izicubu |
Indlela yokulungiselela inja inqubo?
Umthetho oyinhloko ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwegazi ukubekezelela indlala.
Ezinjeni ezindala ezinesisindo esingaphezu kuka-10 kg, ukuzila ukudla kufanele kube amahora angu-8-10.
Kwanele ukuthi izinja ezincane zimelane nendlala amahora angu-6-8, azikwazi ukulamba isikhathi eside.
Ezinganeni ezifika ezinyangeni ezi-4, kwanele ukugcina ukudla okulambile amahora angu-4-6.
Amanzi ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa akufanele abe nomkhawulo.
Igazi lidonswa kanjani?
Kuye ngesimo, udokotela angase athathe ukuhlaziya kusukela emthanjeni wangaphambili noma wesitho sangemuva.
Okokuqala, i-tourniquet isetshenziswa. Indawo yokujova yenaliti iphathwa ngotshwala, emva kwalokho igazi liqoqwa kumashubhu okuhlola.
Inqubo, nakuba ingajabulisi, ayibuhlungu kakhulu. Izilwane zivame ukwesaba i-tourniquet kunokubhoboza ngenaliti. Umsebenzi wabanikazi kulesi simo ukuthulisa isilwane ngangokunokwenzeka, ukhulume naye futhi ungesabi wena, uma inja izwa ukuthi uyesaba, iyosaba nakakhulu.
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