Isifo sokuwa enjeni - konke mayelana nokuquleka, izimbangela kanye nokwelashwa

Ingabe izinja zingaba nesifo sokuwa?

Lokhu kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuxilonga ezinjeni ezinesifo sokuwa. Kungaba nezizathu eziningi zokuthuthukiswa kokuquleka - ukuxilonga okungaphezu kuka-40 okuhlukene kuhambisana nokuquleka, okunye kwakho okuyisithuthwane. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenzisana kwamaseli ebuchosheni kusekelwe emifuleni kagesi ebuthakathaka. Ngesithuthwane, kuyaphazamiseka - umfutho wengqondo udaleka ebuchosheni.

Lapho ubhekene nokudlikizela, kungcono ukuthi usheshe uthintane nodokotela.

Ukuhlasela kwesithuthwane kuqhubeka ngokulandelana okuthile:

• isikhathi se-prodromal - isikhathi esiqala amahora ambalwa noma izinsuku ngaphambi kokuquleka kwangempela. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuziphatha kwenja kungase kushintshe: isilwane asiphumuli, sikhathazekile.

• Aura – Isandulela sokudlikizela. Izinguquko zikagesi seziqalile kakade ebuchosheni, kodwa azikho ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle okwamanje. Ngakho-ke, lesi sigaba singasungulwa kuphela lapho kwenziwa i-electroencephalography - EEG.

• Stroke – ukudlikizeka ngqo. Ngokuvamile ayithathi imizuzu engaphezu kwemi-5.

• isikhathi seposi – ukubuyiselwa kobuchopho. Izinja ngalesi sikhathi zingahamba ngokungazinzi, ziphinde zihlole umhlaba - zihogele yonke into, zihlole.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinja eziyisithuthwane zenzeka ngokungakwazi ukwazi okusukela ekuphazamisekeni okuncane kuya kokuquleka.

Ngezinye izikhathi ukuphelelwa amandla kwenzeka, okubonakaliswa ukuwa okungazelelwe kwesilwane noma ukuvele kuphele, isilwane esifuywayo siyeka ukuphendula ekushukumiseni. Izimpawu ezinjalo zesithuthwane ezinjeni kungaba nzima ukuzibona ngisho nakudokotela wezinzwa onolwazi.

Izinhlobo zesithuthwane

Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo eziningana zesithuthwane:

• Idiopathic noma iqiniso;

• Isakhiwo noma izimpawu;

• I-Cryptogenic;

• Iyasebenza.

Ake sicabangele ngamunye wabo ngokuningiliziwe.

Idiopathic isithuthwane

Imbangela ye-idiopathic isithuthwane ibhekwa njenge-congenital genetic pathology. Kodwa-ke, ezingeni lofuzo, lokhu kuye kwafakazelwa kuphela ezinjeni zaseLagotto Romagnolo. Lolu hlobo luhlonzwe neprotheyini ebangela isithuthwane futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ukuhlaziywa kofuzo okungaqinisekisa ukuxilongwa okuqondile.

I-Rhodesian Ridgeback nayo inokuhlolwa kofuzo kwesithuthwane se-myoclonic (ukuthi sivela kanjani kuzochazwa ngezansi). Kwezinye izinhlobo, lesi sifo sibhekwa njenge-polygenic (izakhi zofuzo eziningi zibhekene nalesi sifo) futhi ukuxilongwa kwenziwa ngesisekelo sokungabikho kwanoma yiziphi ezinye izimbangela zenhloso zokuthuthukiswa.

Isithuthwane sangempela singenzeka kuphela ezilwaneni ezisukela ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 kuye kweziyisi-6 ubudala. Kodwa ngokuvamile ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kuqala kusukela eminyakeni engu-1 kuya kwemi-3.

Lolu hlobo lwesithuthwane, ngeshwa, alulapheki, kodwa kungenzeka ukulawula lesi sifo futhi unciphise ukuphindaphinda kokuquleka.

Isithuthwane sesakhiwo

Kweminye imithombo, kubizwa ngokuthi i-symptomatic. Kuvela ngokumelene nesizinda sanoma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo ebuchosheni. Isibonelo, isici sokuzalwa somzimba noma izinguquko ezitholiwe esakhiweni sobuchopho, okungukuthi, ama-neoplasms, ukukhubazeka kwemithambo, izinguquko ze-cicatricial ebuchosheni, ukuqoqwa kwenani elingavamile loketshezi ebuchosheni, noma ukukhubazeka.

Zonke lezi zimbangela ziholela ekuphazamisekeni kwe-metabolic esicutshini sezinzwa futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kube nokuquleka.

Uma i-anomaly yesakhiwo iqedwa, ukudlikizeka kungase kuphele.

I-Cryptogenic isithuthwane

I-Cryptogenic Epilepsy wuhlobo lwesifo okunzima ukusixilonga. Nokho, njengesithuthwane sangempela, imbangela ayitholakali. Akukhishwa ngaphandle ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuntuleka kwezindlela zocwaningo ezibucayi nezinembayo. Ukuxilongwa kutholakala uma isilwane singahlangabezani nemibandela yesithuthwane sangempela. Isibonelo, uma i-convulsive syndrome ithuthukiswe kumdlwane ngaphambi kwezinyanga ezingu-6 ubudala noma, ngokuphambene, enja endala.

Imithombo eminingana iphinde iphawule ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesithuthwane se-canine lungaba nzima ukwelapha futhi ukubikezela kwalesi sifo kuyaqaphela.

Isithuthwane esisebenzayo

Lolu hlobo lwesithuthwane lubhekwa njengolunemibandela, ngoba i-convulsive syndrome yenzeka ngokumelene nesizinda sesenzo sanoma iyiphi i-toxin noma ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic. Ivame ukukhula ngokumelene nesizinda sesibindi noma isifo sezinso. Kulokhu, ukudlikizeka kungase kwenzeke, njengoba izinto ezinobuthi eziningi zinqwabelana emzimbeni wenja.

Emidlwaneni, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezincane, ngokuzila ukudla okufushane, kuvela i-hypoglycemia (isimo lapho i-glucose emzimbeni yehla kakhulu), futhi okuzoholela ku-convulsive syndrome. Noma, ngokwesibonelo, i-lactating bitch ingase intule i-calcium uma incane ekudleni. Lesi simo siphinde senzeka ngokudlikizela.

Ngokusungulwa nokuqedwa kwembangela, izibikezelo zivuma.

Izinhlobo zokuquleka

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuquleka kwesithuthwane - okugxile kanye nokujwayelekile.

I-focal sepileptic seizure (noma ingxenye) ibonakala ngokubonakala kokuquleka ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, njengoba i-hemisphere eyodwa kuphela yobuchopho ethintekayo. Kulokhu, ukwazi kwesilwane kungase kugcinwe ngokwengxenye. Noma yikuphi ukufinyela kwemisipha, ukuqhiphuka amathe ngokuzenzekelayo, ukuvuleka komfundi, njll. kwenzeka ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. Ukuquleka okuyingxenye kungase kube okuvamile.

Ukuquleka okujwayelekile kwesifo sokuwa kuthinta womabili ama-hemispheres obuchopho futhi kungabonwa ngokubonakaliswa okuhlukahlukene:

• i-tonic convulsions ebonakala ngokuqina kwemisipha. Ngokuvamile lokhu kubonakala ngokutshekisa ikhanda, ukwelula isifuba nezitho ze-pelvic.

• I-Clonic convulsions ebonakala ngokufinyela kwemisipha njalo. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi emisipha ye-muzzle, njengoba isilwane siqala ukuchofoza amazinyo noma ukwenza ukunyakaza kokubhukuda.

• I-Clonic-tonic ebonakala ngokushintshana okuxubile kwezinhlobo ezimbili zokuquleka.

• I-Myoclonic seizures bandakanya iqembu elilodwa lemisipha. Ngalokhu kudlikizeka, ukwazi, njengomthetho, akuphazanyiswa.

• U-Absa kunzima ukuxilonga, ngoba akukho ukuthunjwa kulo mzuzu, isilwane sibonakala siqhwa okwesikhashana, ukusabela kokukhishwa kwangaphandle kuyanyamalala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwenzeka umsebenzi kagesi onamandla ekhanda lakhe.

• Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Atonic - isimo lapho ithoni yemisipha ilahlekile isikhathi esifushane.

Izimbangela zesithuthwane ezinjeni

Kunezimbangela eziyinhloko (noma zokuzalwa) nezesibili (ezitholiwe) zesithuthwane.

Uhlobo lokuqala, cishe, ludluliselwa ezingeni lofuzo. Izindlela eziqondile zokungasebenzi kahle kobuchopho ngokuvamile azikaziwa, cishe ngama-55-60% ezilwane ezinjalo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyisici se-idiopathic kanye ne-cryptogenic epilepsy.

Izimbangela zesibili yizici ezisebenza ngokomzimba ebuchosheni futhi zibubhubhise, okuyilezi:

• Izimila ebuchosheni;

• I-Meningitis ne-encephalitis (izifo ezivuthayo zobuchopho);

• I-hemorrhages kanye ne-thromboses esakhiweni sobuchopho;

• I-sequelae yokulimala kwengqondo ebuhlungu;

• Imiphumela yokudakwa;

• I-Congenital anomalies ekuthuthukiseni ubuchopho;

• Izifo zezitho zangaphakathi kanye nezifo ze-endocrinological eziholela ekuphazamisekeni kwe-metabolic.

Lezi zimbangela ziholela ekuthuthukisweni kwesithuthwane sesakhiwo noma esisebenzayo.

Amaqembu engcuphe

Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zisengozini yokuba nesithuthwane: i-golden retriever, i-labrador retriever, i-poodle (nezinhlobo zazo ezixubile - amathoyizi ama-poodle, i-maltipoo), i-border collie, i-cocker spaniel, i-rough collie, inja enkulu yase-swiss yasezintabeni, i-keeshond, i-beagle, i-Irish wolfhound, umalusi waseJalimane , i-dachshund, i-lagotto romagnolo, i-Irish setter, i-rhodesian ridgeback.

Okunye okusengcupheni yizinhlobo ze-brachycephalic ezifana nama-pugs, ama-bulldog ase-French, nama-chihuahuas. Lezi zinhlobo zisemathubeni amaningi okuba zithole isithuthwane esinesakhiwo kunesithuthwane esingaziwa, ngenxa yokuthi zinefifa eliyisicaba, isakhiwo sogebhezi olungajwayelekile, futhi ubuchopho bucindezelwe, okuholela ekugcineni uketshezi ebuchosheni kanye nokucindezela kwe-intracranial.

Izilwane ezilimele ekhanda nazo zisengozini.

Izimpawu Zesithuthwane Ezinjeni

Izimpawu eziyinhloko nokubonakaliswa kwesithuthwane kungase kube ukuquleka okuphindaphindiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinja ziyeka ukuzwa nokubona isikhathi esifushane, amehlo azo abe yingilazi, futhi aziphenduli izingcingo zomnikazi. Ngesikhathi sokudlidliza, kungase kube nokukhishwa okungahleliwe, ukuchama, ukuthungatha.

Kodwa umnikazi akakwazi njalo ukubona ukuquleka. Okunye ukudlikizela kwenzeka ngokunyakazisa imisipha yomlomo kuphela, ikakhulukazi endaweni yezindebe namehlo, kungase kube nokusineka, ukuhlafuna noma ukunyakazisa izindlebe.

Izinguquko ekuziphatheni ngaphambi nangemva kwe-convulsive syndrome ebonakala ngendlela yokwesaba, ulaka, ukwethuka enja. Lokhu kuvezwa ngokuhogela ngenkuthalo, ukuhamba sisiyingi, isilwane singaqalaza futhi sincwine. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba ne-gait engazinzile, futhi kusukela ngaphandle kubonakala sengathi inja ayiqondi ukuthi ikuphi. Angase angamazi umniniso isikhathi esithile ngemva kokudlikizeka, akhonkothe ​​umniniyo futhi angamvumeli ukuba asondele kuye.

Diagnostics

Ukuxilongwa kwalesi sifo kukhulu futhi kwenziwa ngezigaba:

1. Ukuqoqa umlando oningiliziwe wesilwane: ukuthola ukuthi ukuthunjwa kwenzeka kanjani, ukuthi isilwane sizizwa kanjani ngemva kwabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izihlobo zenja zinezimpawu ezifanayo.

2. Kuyadingeka ukuhlola ngokucophelela isilwane, ukuhlola i-reflexes kanye nokusabela ekushukumiseni kwangaphandle, ukunquma izinga lokuqaphela, ukukala umfutho wegazi, izinga lokushisa, njll.

3. Baphinde bahlole igazi: jikelele kanye ne-biochemical. Uma kusolwa isithuthwane, amaphrofayili okuhlola athuthukile ancanyelwa ukuhlola ama-electrolyte, amazinga eglucose, futhi kubalulekile ukukhipha isifo sesibindi. Kulokhu kuhlolwa okwengeziwe kuthathwa ama-bile acids, ammonia. I-hormone evuselela i-thyroid (TSH) ne-thyroxine (T4) ukuze kukhishwe izinkinga ze-thyroid.

4. Ukuhlolwa kwe-polymer chain reaction (PCR) ukuze kukhishwe izifo zemvelaphi yegciwane (isibonelo, i-canine distemper, i-toxoplasmosis).

5. Isigaba sokugcina sokuxilongwa yi-imaging resonance magnetic (MRI) yobuchopho ngokuphambene, ukuhlaziya uketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kukhishwe izimbangela ezithathelwanayo noma zesakhiwo ekuthuthukisweni kokubanjwa.

6. I-Electroencephalography (EEG) emithini yezilwane iyindlela enzima, ngoba uma isilwane siqaphela, khona-ke amaphutha amaningi kakhulu ayenzeka. Kodwa-ke, uma kuphumelele, kukuvumela ukuthi uthole ukugxila kwesifo sokuwa.

Ukwelashwa kwesithuthwane ezinjeni

Ukwelapha isithuthwane ezinjeni, izidakamizwa ezilandelayo nezidakamizwa ezivela eqenjini lama-anticonvulsants zisetshenziswa:

• I-Levetiracetam (i-Keppra nama-analogues);

• I-Phenobarbital (eRussia ngaphansi kwegama lokuhweba elithi Pagluferal);

• Amalungiselelo asekelwe ku-potassium bromide;

• I-Zonisamide (igama lokuhweba elithi Zonegran - elandwe lisuka eJapan, ngakho alisetshenziswa kakhulu eRussia).

Izidakamizwa ezibalwe ziyizidakamizwa ezikhethwa kuqala. Izinto ezimbili zokuqala zivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu. I-Gabapentin ingasetshenziswa njenge-adjuvant therapy. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izinja ziyakwazi ukumelana nayo, odokotela bangase bandise imithamo, bashintshe umuthi, noma bahlanganise ama-anticonvulsants amaningana. Ngokuthuthuka kwe-epistatus (isimo lapho isilwane singena ngokushesha sisuka kwesinye sokuhlasela siye kwesinye noma ukuhlasela kuthatha imizuzu engaphezu kwengu-5), inja ifakwa esibhedlela ngaphansi kokuqondisa kodokotela. Ngokuhambisanayo, ama-diuretics angasetshenziswa ekwelapheni ukuvimbela i-cerebral edema. Uma inja ibingadla ubuthi obuthinta isimiso sezinzwa, khona-ke ama-antidote (ama-antidote) kanye nokwelapha okuhloselwe ukususa ukudakwa nakho kuyasetshenziswa. Isibonelo, uma usola uhlobo lwesakhiwo noma olusebenzayo lwesithuthwane.

Ukwelashwa kwesithuthwane ezinjeni kufanele kunqunywe udokotela wezinzwa wezilwane. Akudingekile kuphela ukukhetha umthamo omncane osebenzayo, kodwa futhi nokuqapha izibalo zegazi esikhathini esizayo. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, lapho unikeza i-phenobarbital, odokotela bezilwane batusa ukuqapha izinga legazi layo ngaphandle kokwehluleka, ngoba into ikhishwa yisibindi, futhi kwezinye izilwane imithamo evamile ayiholeli empumelelweni yokuquleka, njengoba isibindi siwuthatha kalula umuthi.

Ukuzihoxisa izidakamizwa nakho akwamukeleki, njengoba kungase kuthuthuke isifo sokuwa esibulalayo, ngoba izidakamizwa ezinomphumela wokuqongelela, ngisho nokwethulwa kwemithamo ephezulu, azikuvumeli ukuthi ususe umsebenzi oqinile kagesi ebuchosheni.

Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma inja yami inesifo sokuwa?

• Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuthi ungadideki umnikazi.

• Kudingekile ukubeka isilwane endaweni ephephile, okungukuthi, usibeke phansi, usuke emagumbini abukhali noma izinto ezingashaywa.

• Uma kungenzeka, nciphisa izibani futhi unciphise umsindo (cisha i-TV, umculo, ugesi wasekhaya onomsindo).

• Ngaso leso sikhathi sokuhlasela, ngeke ukwazi ukusiza isilwane nganoma iyiphi indlela, ukuzama ukukhipha ulimi noma ukulungisa isilwane akwenzi nje umqondo, kodwa kungaholela ekuhlukumezeni kokubili umnikazi nesilwane. .

• Kungaba ngcono uma ungathwebula ukuhlaselwa kwevidiyo. Le nto ifundisa kakhulu udokotela wezilwane. Uma ukuhlasela kuphenduka i-epistatus, isilwane kufanele sihanjiswe ngokushesha emtholampilo.

isithuthwane emidlwaneni

Imidlwane ibuye ibe nokuquleka, kodwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi inesifo sokuwa, kufanele kugwenywe ezinye izifo eziningi nezici ezingaholela kulesi simo. Imvamisa, ukuquleka komdlwane kwenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka kweglucose emzimbeni, amazinga aphansi e-calcium noma i-potassium, noma ngenxa yesenzo sohlobo oluthile lobuthi. Isifo sokuwa sivame ukutholwa ezinganeni kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 ubudala, kodwa ukuxilongwa kungenziwa kusenesikhathi uma zonke ezinye izimbangela zokuquleka zikhishwa.

Ziphila isikhathi esingakanani izinja ezinesifo sokuwa?

Kweminye imithombo, kukhona isibalo - iminyaka engu-7, kodwa akukho ukuqinisekiswa okuqondile kwalokhu. Ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni, kungashiwo ukuthi izinja zingaphila isikhathi eside kusukela ngesikhathi sokuxilongwa. Isizathu sokuthuthukiswa kwesithuthwane sizothinta isikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane esifuywayo.

Esithuthwaneni esinamandla futhi esinezimpawu, kubalulekile ukuhlonza imbangela eyisisekelo bese welapheka uma seselapheka. Kubalulekile futhi lapho lesi sifo sizibonakalisa, futhi yiziphi izikhathi zokudlikizeka okwenzeka. Ukuhlaselwa kaningi, kunamandla futhi isikhathi eside, kubi kakhulu ukubikezela. Kuzobaluleka futhi ukuthi abanikazi bagcwalisa kanjani imiyalelo kadokotela. Izinja zingaphila isikhathi eside futhi zijabule ngokwelashwa okufanele kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuquleka.

Prevention

Mayelana nokuvimbela, singavikela inja kuphela ekulimaleni nasebuthi.

Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukugqoka i-muzzle kanye ne-leash ukuhamba ukuze inja ingathathi lutho, futhi ingozi yokuphunyuka, evame ukuholela ekulimazeni, kufanele futhi incishiswe.

Kunconywa ukuvikela isilwane ekushiseni ngokweqile ehlobo, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ze-bracheocephalic kanye nezinhlobo ezine-undercoat evelele. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuthi uma kwenzeka ukulimala kwekhanda, ukuvakashelwa ngokushesha emtholampilo kuboniswa ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela, i-edema ye-cerebral engenzeka.

Kungenzeka ukuvimbela isithuthwane sangempela kuphela esigabeni sokuzalanisa. Umnikazi ngezinye izikhathi akasoli ngisho nokuba khona kokuxilongwa okunjalo ohlwini lozalo lwesilwane, ngakho-ke nansi umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu kumfuyi, okufanele akhethe kahle izinja zokuzalanisa.

Care

Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa, kuyadingeka ukukhuluma nesilwane, ngezwi elithulile, zama ukuthulisa uma sijabule kakhulu.

Ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe, inja ingase yesabe, ngoba ukwazi ngemva kokuhlaselwa kudidekile futhi akubonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi umnikazi wayo.

Akudingekile ukunikeza izidakamizwa noma amanzi ngesikhathi sokuhlasela noma ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho.

Njengoba isenzo sokugwinya singase siphazamiseke. Lokhu kuzobangela kuphela ukuthi into ihogelwe noma ibangele ukulimala ezandleni zomuntu ogqokile lapho ezama ukuvula umhlathi. Yingakho emtholampilo odokotela bajova yonke into ngomthambo we-rectally.

Lungisa usuku, isikhathi kanye nesikhathi sokuhlaselwa, bhala phansi ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathwe ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa. Lonke lolu lwazi luzosiza udokotela wakho futhi ubone into engase ibangele, ngemva kwalokho kube nokuquleka. Lokhu kuzonciphisa ukuquleka okuqhubekayo.

Uma ukuthunjwa kwezinja kulawulwa, akukho ukwephulwa kokuthatha izidakamizwa, ngakho-ke akudingi ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe.

Isifinyezo

1. Isifo sokuwa yisifo esivamile ezilwaneni ezifuywayo. Ukuquleka kuwuphawu oluyinhloko lwesithuthwane ezinjeni. Kodwa akuzona zonke izithuthwane eziyisithuthwane sangempela.

2. Ukuze uthole ukuxilongwa okulungile nokugcina, kuyadingeka ukuqedela isigaba ngasinye sokuxilongwa ukuze kamuva uchaze ukwelashwa okufanele. Ukuzilapha noma ukuhluleka ukulandela izincomo zikadokotela kungaholela ekufeni kwesilwane esifuywayo.

3. Uma inja yakho inokuquleka, yibeke ngohlangothi phansi bese uqopha yonke into ngevidiyo. Ukuzama ukubamba noma ukukhuphuka emlonyeni akufanelekile, lokhu kuzoholela kuphela ezinkingeni nokulimala.

4. Uma ukudlikizeka kuthatha imizuzu engaphezu kwengu-5 noma kuphindelela, khona-ke kuyaphuthuma ukuyisa inja emtholampilo futhi ilaliswe esibhedlela kuze kube yilapho isimo sizinza.

5. Ngesifo sokuwa, isilwane singaphila impilo ende nejabulisayo, kodwa imiphumela yokuhlolwa kanye nokuqaliswa okufanele kwayo yonke imiyalelo kadokotela kuthinta ukubikezelwa.

Kuvidiyo ungabona ukuthi isithuthwane sibukeka kanjani ezinjeni.

Izimpendulo zemibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Imithombo:

1. Umhlahlandlela Osebenzayo we-Canine ne-Feline Neurology, i-3rd Edition, Curtis W.Dewey, Ronaldo C. da Costa, 2015

2. I-Handbook of Veterinary Neurology, Uhlelo Lwesine, uMichael D. Lorenz, uJoe N. Kornegay, 2004

3. I-Neurology yezinja namakati, S. Crisman, K. Mariani, S. Platt, R. Clemons, 2016.