inja anatomy

Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400 zezinja emhlabeni namuhla. Futhi, naphezu kokungafani kwangaphandle, ngokombono we-biology, banesakhiwo esifanayo ncamashi. Ngisho ne-French Bulldog kanye ne-Tibetan Mastiff, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izwakala imangalisa kangakanani.

Skeleton

Isisekelo sanoma iyiphi i-vertebrate organism (futhi inja injalo) uhlaka lwamathambo. Kusiza izilwane ukuhambahamba futhi zivikele izitho zazo zangaphakathi ekulimaleni.

1. Ugebhezi. Ugebhezi lwekhanda lwenja lwakhiwe amathambo angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho isilwane sincane, siyanwebeka kakhulu: kubantu abadala, izicubu ezixhumeneyo ziba lukhuni, futhi amathambo abe brittle futhi abe brittle.

   Ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu zogebhezi ezinjeni:

   Ngosizo lwelunga elinyakazayo, umhlathi ongezansi unamathele ogebhezini. Abantu abadala banama-molar angama-42. Imidlwane inamazinyo obisi ambalwa - angama-28 kuphela, kodwa wonke kufanele avele lapho enezinyanga ezimbili ubudala. Ezinyangeni ezintathu, inqubo yokushintsha amazinyo iqala kancane kancane, ephela ngonyaka.

   • Dolichocephalic - side. Kwenzeka ezilwaneni ezine-muzzle emide - isibonelo, ku-borzoi yaseRussia;

   • I-Mechophalic ijwayelekile. Izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezinhlobo zinelolu hlobo lwe-skull: ama-huskies, izinja zezimvu, njll;

   • I-Brachycephalic - ifinyeziwe. Ama-Pekingese, ama-bulldog nabanye banalolu hlobo logebhezi.

2. Luma. Esinye sezici zangaphandle ezibaluleke kakhulu ukulunywa yinja. Lokhu akuyona nje i-aesthetics, kodwa futhi nempilo yakhe, ngoba isikhundla esingalungile samazinyo singabangela ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo eziningi.

   Izinhlobo zokuluma:

   • Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ukulunywa okulungile kakhulu kubhekwa njenge-scissor bite, lapho ama-incisors aphansi athinta ubuso bangaphakathi baphezulu;

   • Ukulunywa okufana nomkhaza kubhekwa njengokuphambuka kokujwayelekile, lapho ama-incisors ephikisana nomunye;

   • Ukuchezuka okubucayi kakhulu ku-undershot, okungukuthi, ama-incisors aphansi awawathinti nhlobo angaphezulu. Ingozi yayo isekutheni ama-molar aguga ngokushesha;

   • I-pathology eyingozi kakhulu ezinhlotsheni eziningi i-bulldog bite, lapho umhlathi ophansi uqhutshwa phambili. Kodwa ezinjeni ze-brachycephalic, ukuluma okunjalo kuyinto evamile.

3. I-Torso. Isisekelo sanoma yiluphi uhlaka lwamathambo umgogodla. Njengomuntu, iqukethe ama-vertebral discs ahlangene lapho kuxhunywe khona izimbambo namanye amathambo.

   Ingaphandle yenja ihlolwe ukuvumelana kokwengezwa kwayo, hhayi kuphela i-skeleton ebalulekile lapha, kodwa futhi nemisipha. Ngokuvamile, abanikazi bezinja babhekana nezinhlobo ezintathu zokushiyeka ohlelweni lwe-musculoskeletal: ukukhubazeka emathanjeni, amalunga kanye nemishini yemisipha. Izizathu zokubukeka kwazo zingaba kokubili kofuzo futhi zitholwe ngenxa yezifo nokunakekelwa okungalungile.

   • Umgogodla womlomo wesibeletho uxhuma i-trunk kanye nogebhezi - lawa ama-vertebrae ayisikhombisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-vertebrae amabili okuqala, ahamba kakhulu, njengawo wonke ama-vertebrates, abizwa ngokuthi i-atlas ne-epistrophy;

   • Isifunda sesifuba siqukethe ama-vertebrae ayishumi nantathu - lesi yisisekelo sokunamathisela amapheya ayishumi nantathu ezimbambo. Esifundeni sezimbambo zokuqala, i-scapula, i-humerus, i-radius ne-ulna, kanye nesandla, ifakwe emzimbeni;

   • Ukhalo lwakhiwe ama-vertebrae ayisikhombisa;

   • I-sacrum noma i-sacrum i-vertebrae emithathu ehlanganisiwe. Ngezindlela eziningi, yi-sacrum enquma isikhundla somsila wenja. Ixhunywe ngokuhlangana okugxilile ethanjeni le-pelvic. Isitho se-pelvic siqukethe i-pelvis, ithanga, umlenze ophansi nonyawo;

   • Umsila wenja uqukethe ama-vertebrae, ngokwesilinganiso kukhona ama-20-23, kodwa kunezimo lapho kukhona ama-vertebrae angu-15-25. Ukuma, ubukhulu kanye nokulingana komsila kuncike ezicini zohlobo ngalunye.

izinzwa

Izimiso eziyinhloko zezitho zenja, njengokujikeleza kwegazi, kwemizwa, ukuphefumula, nezinhlelo zokugaya ukudla, ziyafana nezabantu. Umehluko omkhulu kakhulu umsebenzi wezitho zemizwa. Izinja zineziyisithupha zazo: iphunga, ukuthinta, ibhalansi, ukubona, ukuzwa nokunambitha.

1. Ukuhogela. Ngokungafani nomuntu othola ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nezwe ngokubona, isitho senzwa esiyinhloko senja umuzwa wokuhogela.

   Cabanga nje: ekhaleni lomuntu kukhona ama-receptors angaba yizigidi ezingu-5 ezisisiza ukuba sihlukanise phakathi kwephunga, futhi ekhaleni lenja kukhona cishe izigidi ezingu-150 zazo! Umuzwa wephunga lokuzingela kanye nezinhlobo zesevisi ungcono nakakhulu: izilwane ezinjalo zingathola umkhondo onezinsuku ezimbalwa ubudala.

2. Umbono. Naphezu kokuthi ukwakheka kweso lenja kufana nesakhiwo seso lomuntu, isilwane sibona okubi kakhulu. Kukholelwa ukuthi imidlwane inombono ophakeme kakhulu ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila kwawo, bese iqala ukuwohloka. Ekugcineni, izinja ezindala aziboni. Kodwa-ke, kufakazelwe ukuthi izilwane ezifuywayo zibona kangcono kakhulu kunabantu abasebumnyameni.

3. Ukuzwa nokulinganisela. Njengabantu, izinja zinendlebe engaphandle, yangaphakathi nephakathi. Ngaphakathi kukhona i-vestibular apparatus, enesibopho sokulinganisela kwesilwane.

   Yebo, ukuzwa kwenja kungcono kakhulu kunokomuntu. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ububanzi bezandiso ezizwiwa izilwane ezifuywayo busuka ku-12 kuye ku-80 Hertz, kuyilapho abantu bekwazi ukuzwa ukundindizela okuvama kokungu-000 kuya ku-16 Hertz. Ngendlela, izinja nazo zibona i-ultrasound.

4. Thinta. Isilwane esifuywayo siphinde sithole ulwazi mayelana nomhlaba osizungezile ngezitho zokuthinta: isikhumba namadevu - vibrissae. Ngosizo lwama-receptors esikhumba, uzwa izinga lokushisa nobuhlungu. Futhi i-vibrissae, eseduze nekhala, amehlo kanye nezidladla, yenza umsebenzi wokuthinta. Inja ingakwazi ukuqonda indawo yezinto ngaphandle kokuzithinta, ngemisinga yomoya.

5. Inkinobho. Akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi izinja zinganambitha yini. Mhlawumbe, isilwane sahlulela ukudleka noma ukungadleki kwento ngephunga layo. Ucwaningo luyakuqinisekisa lokhu: nakuba kunezinzwa zokunambitha ezingaba ngu-9000 olimini lomuntu, ziyi-1700 kuphela olimini lwenja.

Ukuqonda ukuthi izilwane ezifuywayo zihlelwa kanjani kukuvumela ukuthi uqaphe ngokuzwela kakhulu impilo yesilwane.

Kubalulekile futhi ukunaka okufanele kuzo zonke izinguquko ekuziphatheni nasekuphileni kahle kwesilwane esifuywayo futhi ufune usizo lodokotela wezilwane ngesikhathi.

Isithombe: Collection

Okthoba 29 2018

Kuvuselelwe: Janawari 17, 2021