Izinhlobo zensimbi: ama-snaffles, ama-mouthpieces, ama-caps (ukubuyekeza)

Ukwakheka, izinto zokwakha kanye nezinhlobo ze-snaffles

Ukuthungwa kwe-gnaw ingase ithambile, ibe magagasi, ibe nezimbambo, igqame noma ibe mahhadlahhadla.

Izingcezu ezingajwayelekile, njengama-twist bits (i-snaffle ewugqinsi esontiwe ka-3-4), i-snaffle yocingo olunezintambo noma olusontekile, aklanyelwe “ukwenza ihhashi elinesifuba esiqinile liphathe kalula”, ngamanye amazwi, alimaza kalula ihhashi, futhi ngenxa yalokho. , ngokombono wethu, akufanele isetshenziswe.

Izingcezu ngokuvamile zenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali, insimbi egoqiwe ebandayo noma ama-alloys ethusi.

Insimbi engagqwali izinga eliphezulu linendawo ecwebezelayo, ebushelelezi, eqinile engeke igqwale, ngaphezu kwalokho, ayenzi imigodi. Mayelana ne-salivation, insimbi engagqwali ibhekwa njengento engathathi hlangothi.

Insimbi ebandayo icindezelwe ukwenza into eminyene ngokulinganayo, ithambile futhi ibe mnyama kunensimbi engagqwali. Le nto ijwayele ukugqwala, kepha abaningi babheka lokhu njengokuhlanganisa. Ukugqwala (ukugqwala) kwe-snaffle kuyenza ibe mnandi, okwenza ihhashi liconse amathe. Ngakho-ke, ama-snaffles anjalo abizwa nangokuthi "insimbi emnandi".

Ama-alloys ethusi, ezinombala obomvu osagolide, zisetshenziselwa ukwakha izingcezu eziwucezu olulodwa noma njengokufakwa kwensimbi engagqwali noma izingcezu zensimbi ezigoqiwe ezibandayo. I-Copper inyusa amathe, kodwa ithambile kakhulu insimbi eguga ngokushesha futhi ingafadalala lapho isho noma igaye ibe emaphethelweni acijile uma ihhashi lihlafuna i-snaffle.

snaffle kusuka i-aluminium ne-chromium alloy sula umlomo wehhashi.

I-Rubber snaffle kungase kubonakale kungenangozi ngokuphelele, kodwa amahhashi amaningi akuthola kungathandeki futhi azame ukukukhafula. Amahhashi ahlafuna i-snaffle azoyidla ngokushesha. I-Fruit Flavored Snaffle ziwuhlobo olufanayo nerabha kodwa zine-apula noma esinye isithelo esinambitheka. Amanye amahhashi afana nawo, amanye awanandaba.

izindandatho ze-snaffle ngokuvamile kwenziwa flat noma round. Izintambo eziyindilinga zidinga izimbobo ezincane kakhulu kuneziyisicaba. Izimbobo ezinkulu “ezibanzi” ku-snaffle eyindandatho eyisicaba zidume kabi ngokumpintsha izindebe. Futhi, njengoba izindandatho eziyisicaba zinyakaza, zimboza izimbobo kuze kube semikhawulweni ebukhali ekwazi ukuklebhula isikhumba.

Izindandatho ze-snaffle zicindezela umlomo wehhashi emaceleni. Amasongo amakhulu (amasentimitha angu-8 noma ngaphezulu ububanzi) afaka ukucindezela ezingxenyeni ezibucayi zomlomo lapho ithambo lidlula ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Izindandatho ezincane kakhulu (ezingaphansi kuka-3 cm) zingangena emlonyeni wehhashi bese zingena emazinyweni alo. Ezinye izindandatho ze-snaffle zenziwe, ngokuvamile ngenxa yobuhle, kodwa ukuthungwa kuzwakala ihhashi, ngakho-ke kungcono ukungawasebenzisi. Amathuba okusula isikhumba ebusweni makhulu kakhulu. I-snaffle "i-imperial" yenziwe ngendlela yokuthi ayikwazi ukuncinza isikhumba. Ukuxhumana kutholakala ngenhla nangaphansi kwamakhona omlomo. I-imperial izinzile kune-snaffle eyindilinga eyindilinga futhi ngenxa yalokho iselula kancane. Amanye amahhashi adinga i-looser snaffle, kanti amanye adinga nje elizinzile, eligxilile. I-Snaffle "ngentshebe" ("izihlathi") ingaba "ngezintshebe" ezigcwele ezitholakala ngenhla nangaphansi kwebhithi, noma ngama-halves "amadevu" atholakala ngenhla, futhi kaningi ngaphansi kwebhithi. “Amadevu” avuliwe avumela ihhashi ukuthi lingene emlonyeni wehhashi. Kunezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zama-snaffles ukuze uzibhale zonke lapha, ngakho-ke ngihlanganise ezivame kakhulu lapha ukuze ukwazi ukuzibheka. Uzokwazi futhi ukubona ezinye izinhlobo zehadiwe emakhasini alandelayo.

Pelam Kimberwick.

I-snaffle eqinile. Inobushelelezi, ucezu olulodwa olunembobo ephansi. Yenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali enamasongo angu-3 1/4″. Isetshenziswa ngeketango lezindebe, inomphumela we-lever snaffle.

I-Olympic Pelam enokunambitheka kwe-apula.

Inomlomo omagagasi oqondile ngaphandle kwechweba. Inambitheka njenge-apula, kodwa iseyinsimbi eqinile.

I-Full-Cheek snaffle enelunga elilodwa.

Yenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali futhi isontekile kancane. I-snaffle eqinile kakhulu.

I-Pelham Winchester enezwi elilodwa.

Kusukela ensimbi engagqwali. Izikhathi ezimbili ngokuvamile zixhunywe ku-iron enjalo. Inomphumela we-lever iron.

I-Buxton Bit, esetshenziselwa ukushayela.

Izintambo ezinde, iketanga kanye nomphumela we-pelama kakade zenza kube nzima, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokhu, akukho inkululeko yolimi, futhi ukulunywa kusontekile.

Sawubona Liverpool, esetshenziselwa ukushayela.

Inechweba eliphansi kakhulu, i-bit yenziwe ngethusi. Le snaffle iphinde ibe nomthelela we-lever iron futhi ihlinzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene zokunamathisela izintambo (kumapheya ahlukene amasongo).

I-Cherry Roll Snaffle

Ngelunga elilodwa, ama-roller namasongo ayindilinga.

I-snaffle yensimbi engagqwali ene-D-rings, ithusi elishintshanayo namarola ensimbi engagqwali.

I-snaffle elula yejoyinti elilodwa elinocezwana oluboshwe ngerabha. Amaringi anentshebe ebheke phansi. Lena i-snaffle ethambile.

I-Imperial enezwi elilodwa.

I-snaffle elula enezintambo ezisontekile. Inezindandatho eziyisicaba ukuze igcine ibhithi elinyakazayo, elizwakalayo ukuthi lingaphumi emlonyeni wehhashi uma ukucindezela okuya phansi okwengeziwe kufakwa olimini, kulicindezela kakhulu. I-snaffle eqinile.

Trenzel Wilson, esetshenziselwa ukushayela.

Lena i-snaffle ehlangene eyodwa enezindandatho ezengeziwe zokuvimbela izindandatho ze-snaffle ukuthi zingashibiliki emlonyeni wehhashi.

I-chifney snaffle yamahhashi ("i-excretory iron").

Isetshenziselwa ukuqondisa, hhayi ukugibela. Kunokhahlo kakhulu.

I-Snaffle Butterfly ngomlomo wonke.

I-snaffle isetshenziswa ekushayeleni. Ayikho inkululeko yolimi, kunomphumela osebenzayo. Kunokhahlo kakhulu.

Pelyam Tom Thumb.

Abaningi ngephutha bayibiza nge-lever iron elula. Esigabeni sensimbi ehlanganisiwe, sizokhuluma ngama-snaffles anjalo ngokuningiliziwe.

Indawo yokudlela yaseWinchester Cathedral.

Insimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enamalever angu-9″ 5″. XNUMX”- ichweba ekulunyweni. I-snaffle eqinile kakhulu.

isetshenziswa enezihlathi ezimise okuka-S namalever amade, asetshenziselwa ukuzulazula. Imbobo engu-1 ubude 2", ububanzi obunwetshiwe, indandatho yensimbi engu-1” ububanzi phezulu ukuze kuqiniswe ngokuqinile, kukhona ukukhweza komugqa ojeqeza.

I-snaffle bit elula i-snaffle ngaphandle kwe-average engaba nebhithi eliqinile noma elicacile. Ngenxa yokuthi ayinawo amandla, i-snaffle elula isebenza kuphela ngokucindezela okuqondile. Umbono oyiphutha wokuthi noma iyiphi i-snaffle echazayo ilula uholele ekutheni ezinye izinto zomlomo zibizwe ngokuthi ama-snaffle alula (njengokuthi “i-Olympic snaffle”, “i-cowboy snaffle” kanye ne-Tom Thumb snaffle). Eqinisweni, bonke ngenxa yokuqina ama-pelamas.

Uma udonsa intambo eyodwa, i-snaffle ishelela kancane emlonyeni wehhashi ibheke ngakulo, bese indandatho ngakolunye uhlangothi icindezela ekhoneni lomlomo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingcindezi ifakwa ku-gum nolimi kusukela ohlangothini lapho i-rein ikhishwa khona. Indandatho ye-snaffle ehlangothini lokuthatha iyasuka emlonyeni wehhashi, ikhulula ukucindezela. Ayikho ingcindezi efakwa entanyeni, ekhaleni, noma emhlathini, ngakho-ke isenzo se-snaffle sibheke eceleni (uhlangothi nolunye) kunokuma mpo (phezulu naphansi).

Ama-snaffles alula abhekwa njengethambile, kodwa phakathi kwawo kuneziningi ezinzima.

Ukuqina kunqunywa ukujiya, ukuthungwa kwe-snaffle, nokuthi i-snaffle icacisiwe noma cha. Ezinye izingcezu zisontekile, futhi lokhu kunzima kakhulu emlonyeni wehhashi.

I-snaffle ehlanganisiwe ishiya isikhala sokuthi ulimi lunyakaze, kodwa futhi lungakhama ulimi njenge-nutcracker. Lokhu kungenzeka kakhulu uma umgibeli edonsa kanzima kuzo zombili izintambo futhi uma i-bit inkulu kakhulu emlonyeni wehhashi. Uma ulwanga lwehhashi lungaphakeme ngokwanele, ukukhuluma kungaphumula ngokumelene nalo futhi kubangele ubuhlungu. Lokhu, futhi, kungenzeka kakhulu uma i-snaffle inkulu.

Ukuze ugweme umphumela we-nutcracker futhi ungabangeli ubuhlungu emlonyeni, amanye ama-snaffles enziwa ngamalunga amathathu noma ngaphezulu esikhundleni samabili, futhi lokhu kuyindlela enhle uma ulwanga lwehhashi luphansi.

Abanye snaffle zenziwe kusukela emaketangenifuthi baqinile kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa amaketango anemiphetho ebukhali - njengamaketanga ebhayisikili! - akufanele kube khona nhlobo indawo yalokhu lapho uqeqesha amahhashi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-snaffles enziwe ngeketango futhi ahlanganisa amalunga amaningana awakwazi ukushaya ihhashi olwangeni, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthungwa kwawo kungabangela ubuhlungu. Khumbula ukuthi uma udonsa intambo eyodwa, i-snaffle ishelela kancane phezu komlomo wehhashi, futhi uma i-snaffle ingalingani, kungase kungakhululeki kakhulu.

Snaffle kancane ngomlomo oqinile zingase zicindezele kakhulu ulimi, ngaphandle uma zinejika elincane lokushiya indawo yolimi. Umlomo oqinile uqinile kunomlomo ohlangene wokuthungwa nokuqina okufanayo ngoba usebenza ngokuqondile olimini lwehhashi.

Ukuqina kwe-snaffle ehluke kakhulu - encane, eqinile. Kodwa-ke, i-snaffle eminyene kakhulu futhi ayisona isisombululo esingcono kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ama-bits aminyene asindayo futhi amanye amahhashi awawathandi. Uma ihhashi lilingana nalobugqinsi kodwa linezinto ezilingana nesisindo se-snaffle, i-snaffle engenalutho enogqinsi olufanayo ingathengwa njengoba izoba lula. Uma ihhashi linomlomo omncane noma ulimi oluwugqinsi, kungcono ukungasebenzisi i-snaffle ewugqinsi njengoba ihhashi lingase lingakhululeki ukulibamba emlonyeni. Ugqinsi olumaphakathi luvamise ukuba lilungele amahhashi amaningi.

Lokhu kuvame ukuba yinkinga ngama-snaffles anerabha enamekiwe. Irabha yenza i-snaffle ithambe ehhashini, kodwa ibe mkhulu ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahhashi ngokuvamile akhathazekile ngokunambitheka kwerabha futhi azama ukukhafula ama-snaffles anjalo.

izindandatho ze-snaffle futhi abe nomthelela. Okungenhla kuchaze ukuthi i-snaffle elula isebenza kanjani: uma udonsa intambo yesokunxele, i-snaffle izoshelela kwesokunxele somlomo wehhashi, bese indandatho yesokudla iphushele phansi ekhoneni lomlomo. Uma iringi incane kakhulu, i-snaffle ingadonswa yonke indlela ngomlomo wehhashi. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-snaffle enezindandatho ezinosayizi ojwayelekile, nokho-ke uma zizinkulu kakhulu zingase zifuthe ikhala lesilwane.

Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zamasongo e-snaffle izindandatho eziyindilinga, izindandatho ezimise okwe-D, kanye “ne-imperial” – uhlamvu oluyindilinga oluningi D. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokugcina zenziwe ukuze zingakwazi ukuncinza amakhona ezindebe zehhashi. Ngenhloso efanayo, ama-snaffle bits anamadevu nama-halves amadevu ayenziwa. I-snaffle "ye-whiskered" akufanele ididaniswe nomlomo, ngoba i-rein ayixhunywanga kumadevu, kodwa ngokuqondile ku-snaffle, futhi akukho mphumela wokulinganisa. I-snaffle enjalo ayinakudonswa ngomlomo wehhashi.

I-snaffle elula eshiwo evamile yokujiya okuphakathi. Yenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali namasongo ayindilinga anosayizi omaphakathi. Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-snaffle futhi amahhashi amaningi akhululekile ngalo.

I-snaffle bit enebhithi eliqinile elenziwe ngerabha eqinile. Ayikho inkululeko yolimi, ngakho-ke le nsimbi iqinile. Inamaringi ayindilinga.

I-snaffle ehlangene kabili ebizwa ngokuthi "i-French snaffle". Unama-D ring.

I-Waterford snaffle enamalunga amane ngendlela yamabhola enziwe ngethusi.

I-snaffle elula ehlanganisiwe izacile kakhulu, esontekile enamasongo ayindilinga amakhulu. Iqinile kakhulu.

I-whisker snaffle, eyenziwe ngensimbi enoshukela, ukujiya okuphakathi. I-snaffle ethambile engasetshenziswa kumahhashi amaningi.

I-snaffle ehlanganisiwe ehlanganiswe nerabha. Amaringi ayindilinga, kodwa irabha ehamba phezu kwengxenye yeringi yenza i-snaffle ibukeke njenge-emperial.

I-snaffle yensimbi engagqwali ehlangene kabili enamasongo ayindilinga.

Umlomo awunawo amazwi, futhi uma wenza, awusewona umlomo, kodwa i-pelam. Le bhithi inikeza ukuguquguquka okuqondile (phezulu naphansi), uma kuqhathaniswa ne-snaffle elula ephendulela ikhanda lehhashi emaceleni.

Isiza ukusetha ikhanda lehhashi endaweni oyifunayo futhi kufanele lisetshenziswe ekuqiniseni intamo (okuphikisana ne-rein control entanyeni) hhayi ekubambeni okuqondile.

Ukuze i-mouthpiece isebenze njengoba yayihlosiwe ekuqaleni, kufanele igxilwe ngokuqinile emaceleni futhi akufanele inyakaze. Lokhu kuzonikeza ukuzinza okudingekayo futhi kuzogwema izinkinga eziphakama nge-pelyams, okuzoxoxwa ngayo ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi. Umlomo uklanywe ngendlela yokuthi uma udonsa intambo eyodwa, uzophusha ekhoneni eliphambene nomlomo, futhi ukunganyakazi kwawo okuqinisekisa lokhu. Lapho zombili izintambo zidonswa, ama-levers ahlehla, okwenza uchungechunge lwezindebe (elingaphansi kwesilevu sehhashi) luqine. Ngakho-ke, uchungechunge lwezindebe luphinde lube nesibopho sobunzima bomthelela. Uma izacile, izocindezela kakhulu. Ezinye ngaphansi kwesilevu zisebenzisa ibhande lesikhumba esikhundleni seketango lensimbi okuyinto ekhululekile kakhulu ihhashi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlomo uhambela phezulu, okudala ingcindezi olwangeni. Le iron ingaphinde ibuyele emlonyeni wehhashi futhi icindezele ulimi nezinsini. Uma umlomo ungenayo imbobo ("ibhuloho", goba phakathi nendawo yomlomo) noma kuncane kakhulu, khona-ke lokhu kuzodala ukucindezela okukhulu olimini, futhi umlomo onjalo uzoba oqinile. Nokho, ichweba eliphakeme kakhulu nalo libi. Kweminye imilomo, ichweba likhulu kangangokuba lifinyelela olwangeni futhi licindezele kulo nasezinsinini.

Amanye ama-mouthpiece ancinza ulimi, amanye anama-roller ukuvimbela lokhu. Ama-Roller ngokuyisisekelo aklanyelwe ukwenza i-iron ikhululeke kakhudlwana ehhashini, kodwa ngisho nawo asephenduke ithuluzi lokuqina: amanye ama-roller enziwa abukhali ukuze asebenze ehhashini nakakhulu. Ama-mouthpieces ahluka kakhulu ngobunzima, lokhu kunqunywa yizo zonke izici ezingenhla, kanye nobukhulu bomlomo kanye nobude bezintambo. Ama-lever asebenza njenge-crowbar - uma emude, aba namandla amakhulu. Uma izihibe zizinde, dNgisho nomzamo omncane kakhulu ungaba nomthelela omkhulu emlonyeni wehhashi. Uma i-snaffle ngokwayo ixega futhi umgibeli enesandla esithambile futhi elawula intamo ye-reining, i-mouthpiece ingaba yinto ekhululekile yehhashi. Nokho, kubaluleke kakhulu ukungasebenzisi lolu hlobo lwensimbi “njengethuluzi lamandla”.

Umlomo waseNtshonalanga onamalever amade kanye nembobo yobude obumaphakathi. Lona umlomo othambile kakhulu kulesi sihloko. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi azikho izingxenye ezihambayo, yonke insimbi iqinile.

Umlomo oqinile kakhulu onembobo ephezulu, amalever amade kanye neketango elincane kakhulu, eliqinile.

Omunye umlomo oqinile. Ayikho inkululeko yolimi futhi kukhona i-copper roller.

Lena i-ayoni yokuqopha. Umlomo uyisicaba ukuze usike ulimi lwehhashi nezinsini. Umlomo onzima kakhulu kuleli khasi.

I-snaffle elula iphendulela ikhanda lehhashi emaceleni, umlomo unesibopho sokugoba okuqondile. Inhlanganisela nama-snaffles ashelelayo asungulwa ngomzamo wokuhlanganisa le miphumela emibili.

Ku-dressage, inkinga yaxazululwa ngokuhlanganisa zombili izingcezu emlonyeni wehhashi, okuyinto evamile nasekushayeleni. Lokhu, eqinisweni, ukuphela kwendlela ephumelelayo yokuhlanganisa izici ezidingekayo zazo zombili izinhlobo zensimbi. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwamabhithi amabili namapheya amabili wezintambo kudinga umgibeli ukuthi ahlanganiswe kahle futhi oqalayo ngeke akwazi ukusebenzisa le nhlanganisela ngendlela efanele.

Ama-snaffle amaningi enziwa “njengama-snaffles alula anamalever amade”, okungukuthi ama-lever snaffles afana ne-Tom Thumb. Ama-snaffles anjalo asebenza ngokushesha ezinhlangothini zombili ze-muzzle, uma udonsa intambo eyodwa. I-snaffle elula izobe isisebenza ukuze iringi esohlangothini olufanayo lapho intambo idonswa isuke emlonyeni, ikhulule ukucindezela. I-snaffle ishelela kancane emlonyeni, ingcindezi ibonakale ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi ihhashi liyayeka.

Uma unamathisela ama-levers ku-snaffle ecacile egibela ngokukhululekile emasongweni futhi ubophe izintambo phansi kwezinsimbi, umphumela wokucindezela uyashintsha. Lapho i-snaffle ilenga ngokukhululeka, lapho inezingxenye ezihambayo kakhulu, umphumela wayo uzofiphala kakhulu. Uma udonsa i-rein eyodwa, phansi kwe-lever kuzokhuphuka, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, phezulu kwe-lever kuzocindezela phansi emlonyeni wakho kusukela ohlangothini olufanayo. Ngemva kwalokho, insimbi izoshelela emlonyeni wehhashi bese iqala ukufaka ingcindezi ngakolunye uhlangothi lomlomo, ulimi nezinsini. Futhi, uma iketango lisetshenziswa, lizokwelula ngaphansi komhlathi wehhashi, futhi enye ingcindezi izoba ngemuva kwekhanda. Ngakho-ke, ihhashi lizothola ingcindezi kuzo zonke izingxenye zekhanda ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi ngeke kube lula ukuthi lithole ukuthi iyiphi indlela okufanele lizinikele ngayo. Okubi nakakhulu kunjalo lapho insimbi enjalo ihlanganiswa ne-hackamore yemishini, futhi ingcindezi iphinde isetshenziswe ekhaleni. Ihhashi elingavamile lizokwazi ukuzizwa likhululekile ngensimbi enjalo! I-snaffle eshelelayo ingumehluko kulolu hlelo lwe-snaffle. Lapha intambo idluliswa emasongweni e-snaffle ngokwayo futhi ixhunywe ezihlahleni zamatomu noma iboshwe ku-nape yehhashi. Abanye baze badlule ngocingo lwensimbi ngemuva kwekhanda ukuze ihhashi liphoqe ukuba lehlise ikhanda ngenxa yokucindezela okukhulu.

Isethi ephelele yensimbi yokugqoka. Kokubili i-snaffle ne-mouthpiece kusetshenziswa lapha, kodwa njengoba zingahlanganiswa zibe yi-snaffle eyodwa, zisebenza ngokuzimela. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi ihhashi linokuningi okumelwe likugcine emlonyeni walo.

I-snaffle yama-Olympic esetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ekugxumeni kombukiso. Abagibeli abaningi abalisebenzisi iketango nalokhu kudla. Isenzakalo singaxhunywa kumapheya ahlukene amasongo, ahluke ngobukhulu.

I-Snaffle yakhelwe amahhashi ase-Icelandic.

I-snaffle eshelelayo eyedlulele kakhulu enocingo lwensimbi olugijima ngemuva kwekhanda lehhashi.

I-snaffle eshelelayo lapho i-rein ixhunywe khona phansi kwamasongo futhi ibhande elikhethekile lidlula emasongweni futhi linamathisele ezihlahleni zebhande lekhanda.

Le iron ibizwa ngokuthi “stop tap”. Lapha kwenziwa umzamo wokuhlanganisa yonke i-sadism yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zensimbi emklamweni owodwa. Umlomo mncane, ucacile futhi usontekile, unamathele kuma-levers amade kanye ne-hackamore yemishini. I-hackamore ngokwayo incane futhi iqinile, njengeketango elihamba ngaphansi komhlathi. Ithuluzi langempela lokuhlukumeza!

u-Ellen Ofstad; ukuhunyushwa ngu-Anna Mazina (http://naturalhorsemanship.ru)

Umbhalo wangempela nezithombe zitholakala ku-www.ellenofstad.com