I-Top 10 Great Archeological Discoveries

Isayensi yemivubukulo ingenye yesayensi emangalisa kakhulu, ngoba isivumela ukuthi sifunde imininingwane eminingi engaziwa (futhi ngezinye izikhathi eyayingenakucatshangwa ngaphambili) yomlando wesintu ngenxa yezinsalela zesiko lezinto ezibonakalayo eziqoqwe kancane kancane.

Umvubukuli cishe ungumseshi kanye nososayensi wezobunhloli ohlanganiswe ndawonye. Emathanjeni ambalwa kanye nocezu lwensimbi olugqwalile, angakwazi ukubona ukuthi kwenzekani kule ndawo emakhulwini, uma kungenjalo ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule.

Umlando wethu ocebile uziveza ngokungathandi, kancane kancane: ngezinye izikhathi ukutholwa okubalulekile kuphela kuthatha amandla amaningi okuziphatha nawomzimba kanye nenani elikhulu lesikhathi. Ngenxa yalokho, imiphumela ibaluleke kakhulu futhi iyathakazelisa.

Nazi nje eziyi-10 zezinto ezivubukuliwe ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wale sayensi.

10 Isigxivizo Sobumba sikaBharuki

Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu okutholwe kwakamuva emkhakheni walokho okubizwa ngokuthi imivubukulo “yeBhayibheli” uphawu lomuntu siqu lukaBharuki ben-Neriah.

UBharuki wayengeyena nje umngane nomsizi womprofethi uJeremiya (futhi, ngokwemibandela yanamuhla, unobhala wakhe), kodwa futhi wayengumlobi womlando wokuphila kwalendoda ehlakaniphile.

Uphawu lwatholwa ngo-1980 ngumvubukuli wakwa-Israel uNachman Avigad. Inombhalo othi – “lbrkyhw bn nryhw hspr”, okusho ukuthi “uBharuki, indodana kaNeriya, umbhali”.

Futhi-ke, amaJuda ayesabhala hhayi ngezimpawu zesiHeberu, kodwa ngezinhlamvu ze-angular ezifana nezaseFenike. Izimpawu ezinjalo (ezifana ne-roller encane enegama eliqoshwe kuyo futhi igqoke intambo entanyeni) yayisetshenziswa ezweni lasendulo njengesignesha, eyayifakwa esigangeni sobumba olumanzi oluvala isivumelwano noma enye into ebalulekile. idokhumenti ebhalwe esikhumbeni.

9. Umtapo wezincwadi waseNag Hammadi

Ngo-1945, umlimi uMohammed Ali Samman wathola ngephutha iqoqo lamakhodi asendulo ayi-12 abhalwe kuyi-papyrus eduze nedolobha laseNag Hammadi (Egypt) (kwasala amashidi ayi-13 kuphela kuyi-codex yesi-8), eyavula iveli lemfihlo elagubuzela amakhulu okuqala eminyaka. yobuKristu.

Izazi-mlando ziye zathola ukuthi kunemibhalo engu-52 emakhodini, lapho angu-37 ayengaziwa ngaphambili, kanti amanye asevele atholakala esesimweni sokuhunyushelwa kwezinye izilimi, izingcaphuno, izikhombo, njll.

Imibhalo yayihlanganisa inqwaba yamaVangeli, ingxenye yencwadi kaPlato ethi “The State”, kanye nemibhalo ephambuka kakhulu emfundisweni yanamuhla yobuKristu futhi ephikisana neBhayibheli.

Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, lawa ma-papyri enziwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. futhi ifihlwe ngokukhethekile izindela zesigodlo sezindela samaKristu esiseduze ngemva kokuba uMbhishobhi Omkhulu wase-Alexandria u-Athanasius I Omkhulu eyalele ukubhujiswa kwayo yonke imibhalo engeyona ingxenye yezincwadi zeBhayibheli. Manje la makhodi agcinwe eMnyuziyamu waseCairo.

8. Itshe LikaPilatu

Sonke siyizwile indaba yokubethelwa kukaKristu futhi siyazi ukuthi ubani owamgwebela lokhu kubulawa okubuhlungu. Kodwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1961 abukho ubufakazi bokuthi uPontiyu Pilatu (umbusi waseJudiya) wayekhona ngempela njengomuntu ophilayo, futhi akazange asungulwe ababhali beTestamente Elisha.

Ekugcineni, lapho kumbiwa eKhesariya, umvubukuli wase-Italy u-Antonio Frava wathola i-slab enkulu eyisicaba ngemva kwesakhiwo semidlalo yaseshashalazini, lapho afunda khona umbhalo wesiLatini othi “Tiberium …

Ngakho, okokuqala, kwaba sobala ukuthi uPilatu wayengumuntu wangempela womlando, futhi okwesibili, ukuthi wayengeyena umbusi, kodwa umphathi (ngaleso sikhathi, nokho, imisebenzi namalungelo abantu ababephethe lezi zikhundla ezimbili ezifundazweni zaseRoma. zazicishe zifane).

Manje itshe likaPilatu lise-Israel Museum eJerusalema.

7. izinsalela ze-dinosaur

Manje akekho ozosho ngokuqinisekile lapho abantu beqala ukuthola amathambo e-dinosaur, kodwa icala lokuqala elibhaliwe lokutholakala kwezinsalela zama-dinosaurs asendulo kwenzeka ngo-1677, lapho uprofesa wase-Oxford uRobert Plott, owathola i-femur enkulu yesilwane esingaziwa, okokuqala enquma. ukuthi lokhu kwakuyingxenye yenye yezindlovu, eyalethwa amaRoma eBrithani, futhi ekugcineni yafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi lezi izinsalela zesoni esaminza kuZamcolo Omkhulu.

(Ngendlela, kuze kube yikhulu lesi-XNUMX, abantu babevame ukuthatha amathambo e-dinosaur njengezinsalela zemidondoshiya yaseBhayibhelini, kodwa amaShayina, okwavela ukuthi asondelene kakhulu neqiniso, awabiza ngamathambo kadrako futhi athi yizindawo zokuphulukisa kuwo) .

Uma kubhekwa ukuthi abantu baseYurophu kuze kube muva nje babekholelwa kakhulu enkolweni, babengakwazi ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi izidalwa ezinkulu eziyinqaba zazikhona emhlabeni (ezingazange zidalwe iNkosi).

Nokho, kakade ngo-1824, isazi sokuma komhlaba saseBrithani kanye nesazi se-paleontologist uWilliam Buckland waqala wachaza futhi waqamba izinhlobo zama-dinosaur azithola - i-megalosaurus (okungukuthi, "isibankwa esikhulu"). Lona kanye igama elithi “dinosaur” lavela kuphela ngo-1842.

6. yasePompeii

Lapho kukhulunywa ngegama elithi "Pompeii", othile uzokhumbula ngokushesha umdwebo odumile kaKarl Bryullov "Usuku Lokugcina LwasePompeii", othile - ifilimu yakamuva "Pompeii" noKit Harington.

Kunoma yikuphi, cishe wonke umuntu wezwa ngalo muzi, owabhujiswa uVesuvius ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba 79 AD (kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo ukuthi amanye amadolobha amabili afa kanye nePompeii - iHerculaneum neStabiae).

Batholakala ngenhlanhla: ngo-1689, abasebenzi bemba umthombo bakhubeka emanxiweni esakhiwo sasendulo, odongeni okwakunombhalo othi "Pompeii". Kodwa-ke bamane bacabange ukuthi lena kwakungenye yezindlu ezihlala ePompey the Great.

Futhi kuphela ngo-1748, ukumba kwaqala kule ndawo, futhi umholi wabo wayengunjiniyela wezempi u-RJ Alcubierre wacabanga ukuthi uthole i-Stabiae. Wayenesithakazelo kuphela ezintweni ezinenani lobuciko, wamane wabhubhisa bonke abanye (kuze kube yilapho abavubukuli becasulwa yileli qiniso).

Ngo-1763, ekugcineni kwacaca ukuthi idolobha elitholakele kwakungeyona i-Stabiae, kodwa i-Pompeii, futhi ngo-1870, umvubukuli u-Giuseppe Fiorelli waqagela ukugcwalisa nge-plaster i-voids eshiywe endaweni yabafileyo futhi embozwe ngongqimba lomlotha wabantu. izilwane ezifuywayo, ngaleyo ndlela zithole ukufa kwazo okuqondile.

Kuze kube manje, i-Pompeii imbiwe cishe ngama-75-80%.

5. ImiQulu YasoLwandle Olufile

Futhi okunye okutholakala emkhakheni wemivubukulo "yeBhayibheli", ebaluleke kakhulu ososayensi abafunda imvelaphi nezinkolelo-ze zezinkolo zomhlaba (kulokhu, ubuJuda kanye nobuKristu bokuqala).

Imibhalo engu-972, ebhalwe ngokuyinhloko esikhumbeni (futhi ngokwengxenye kuyi-papyrus), yatholwa ngephutha umalusi ovamile emihumeni yaseQumran esifundeni soLwandle Olufile. Ingxenye ebalulekile yazo yayivalwe ukuze iphephe emikhunjini yobumba.

Ngokokuqala ngqá le miqulu ebalulekile yatholakala ngo-1947, kodwa isatholakala ngezikhathi ezithile. Isikhathi sokudalwa kwabo cishe sisuka kuma-250 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu. ngaphambi kuka-68 AD

Imibhalo ihlukene ngokuqukethwe: cishe ingxenye yesithathu yayo imibhalo yeBhayibheli, kanti eminye iyi-apocrypha (izincazelo ezingekho ohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli zomlando ongcwele), imibhalo yababhali bezenkolo abangaziwa, amaqoqo emithetho yamaJuda nemithetho yokuphila nokuziphatha emphakathini, njll. .

Ngo-2011, i-Israel Museum yafaka iningi lale mibhalo edijithali (ngokusekelwa yi-Google) futhi yayithumela ku-inthanethi.

4. Ithuna likaTutankhamun

Igama elithi "Tutankhamun" nalo laziwa kakhulu. Kutholwe ngo-1922 eSigodini Samakhosi esifundeni saseLuxor, ithuna legumbi le-4 likaFaro osemncane kakhulu, elaphangwa kabili ezikhathini zasendulo, kodwa lagcina izinto eziningi ezibalulekile, laba elinye lamakamelo amakhulu kakhulu atholakele hhayi kuphela emkhakheni we-Egyptology, kodwa nakuwo wonke umhlaba wokuvubukula.

Yayiqukethe ubucwebe obuningi, izinto zasendlini, futhi, yiqiniso, izinto ezingokwesiko ezihambisana noFaro "ezweni elingcono".

Kodwa ingcebo eyinhloko kwakuyi-sarcophagus yaseTutankhamen, lapho umama wakhe ayegcinwe khona ngokuphelele. Umvubukuli kanye nesazi saseGibhithe uHoward Carter noGeorge Carnarvon, inkosi nomqoqi waseBrithani owaqoqa izinto zakudala, bathola leli thuna.

Ngendlela, ngenxa yezingxabano mayelana nokuthi amanani atholakele kufanele agcinwe kuphi - eGibhithe ngokwalo noma eBrithani (izwe labavubukuli), ubudlelwano phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili bacishe bawohloka, futhi uCarter wacishe waxoshwa eGibhithe unomphela.

3. Umhume wase-Altamira

Kunenqwaba yemigede esifundazweni saseSpain saseCantabria, ngakho-ke, lapho ngo-1868 umzingeli uModest Cubillas Peras ethola omunye eduze nedolobha laseSantillana del Mar (umnyango wawo wawucishe umbozwe ukudilika komhlaba), akekho owanamathisela okuningi. ukubaluleka kwalokhu.

Kodwa ngo-1879, umvubukuli wendawo oyimfundamakhwela uMarcelino Sanz de Sautuola wanquma ukuyifunda. Indodakazi yakhe eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala uMaria yayinaye futhi, ngokwenye inguqulo, nguye owadonsela ukunakekela kukayise emidwebeni emihle ye-polychrome esolingini lomhume, ethi “Baba, zinkunzi!”

Kwavela ukuthi inyathi, amahhashi, izingulube zasendle, njll evezwe ezindongeni nasezindlini emhumeni Altamira zisuka 15 kuya 37 XNUMX ubudala ubudala, futhi basonta enkathini Upper Paleolithic. "Izinkunzi" zazipendwe ngamalahle, i-ocher neminye imibala yemvelo.

Isikhathi eside, abanye abavubukuli baseSpain bazama ukufakazela ukuthi uSautuola wayengumkhohlisi. Akekho owayengakholelwa ukuthi abantu basendulo babekwazi ukudweba izilwane ngobuciko obungaka.

I-Altamira ibiyiNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO kusukela ngo-1985.

2. itshe le-rosetta

Ngo-1799, eduze nedolobha laseRosetta e-Egypt (manje eyiRashid), kwatholakala itshe letshe, elalimbozwe ngombhalo wezilimi ezintathu.

Yatholwa ukaputeni wamasosha aseFrance (khumbula umkhankaso waseGibhithe kaNapoleon I) uPierre-Francois Bouchard, owahola ukwakhiwa kweFort Saint-Julien eNayile Delta.

Njengoba engumuntu ofundile, u-Bouchard wakwazisa ukubaluleka kokutholakala futhi wakuthumela eCairo, e-Institute of Egypt (eyavulwa ngomyalo kaNapoleon ngonyaka nje odlule). Lapho, i-stele yafundwa ngabavubukuli kanye nezazi zezilimi, abathola ukuthi umbhalo, owenziwe ngolimi lwaseGibhithe lasendulo (futhi wenziwa ngama-hieroglyphs), ngezansi - ngombhalo weDemotic wakamuva, ngisho nangaphansi - ngesiGreki sasendulo, unikezelwe. kuPtolemy V Epiphanes futhi eyadalwa abapristi baseGibhithe ngo-196 BC AD

Njengoba incazelo yazo zontathu izingcezu yayifana, kwaba iRosetta Stone eyaba isiqalo sokuchaza imibhalo yasendulo yaseGibhithe (kusetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa kwayo okuyisisekelo nombhalo wesiGreki wasendulo).

Futhi naphezu kokuthi ingxenye ye-stele ene-hieroglyphs yonakaliswe kakhulu, ososayensi bakwazi ukuphumelela. I-Rosetta Stone manje isiseBritish Museum.

1. i-olduvai gorge

I-Olduvai Gorge (umfantu ongamakhilomitha angama-40 ogudla amathafa aseSerengeti eTanzania, amakhilomitha angama-20 ukusuka eNgorongoro Crater) yiyona ndawo lapho ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1960. Abavubukuli abadumile uLouis noMary Leakey bathola amathambo owandulela umuntu wanamuhla - "indoda ephathekayo" (homo habilis), kanye nezinsalela zohlobo lwangaphambili lwenkawu enkulu (Australopithecine) kanye nePithecanthropus yakamuva.

Iminyaka yezinsalela ezindala kakhulu yadlula iminyaka eyizigidi ezi-4. Yingakho i-Olduvai ibhekwa njengecishe “isizinda sesintu.” Ngendlela, ngo-1976, lapha e-Olduvai, uMary Leakey noPeter Jones bathola izinyathelo ezidumile ezifakazela ukuthi okhokho bethu bahamba ngokuqondile kakade eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-3,8 edlule.

Okuningi kwalokhu okutholwe manje kugcinwe e-Olduvai Goj Museum of Anthropology and Human Evolution, eyavulwa ngo-1970 ngezizathu ze-Ngorongoro Conservation Area kaMary Leakey.