Ubuhlakani bezinja ekuxhumaneni nabantu

Siyazi ukuthi izinja zinekhono ekukhulumeni nabantu, njengokudlala kahle “funda” izenzo zethu kanye nolimi lomzimba. Sekuvele kwaziwa ukuthi leli khono livele ezinjeni ku inqubo yokufuywa. Kodwa ukuxhumana nomphakathi akukhona nje ukuqonda ukuthinta komzimba, kungaphezu kwalokho. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba sengathi bafunda izingqondo zethu.

Izinja zisebenzisa kanjani ubuhlakani lapho zisebenzelana nabantu?

Ososayensi bazimisele ukuphenya amakhono ezinja okuxhumana nabantu futhi bathola ukuthi lezi zilwane zinekhono njengezingane zethu. 

Kodwa njengoba kwakwamukelwa izimpendulo ezengeziwe, kwaphakama imibuzo eyengeziwe. Izinja zisebenzisa kanjani ubuhlakani lapho zisebenzelana nabantu? Ingabe zonke izinja ziyakwazi ukwenza izinto ngamabomu? Ingabe bayakwazi lokho umuntu akwaziyo nalokho okungaziwa? Bayihamba kanjani indawo? Ingabe bayakwazi ukuthola ikhambi elisheshayo? Ingabe bayabuqonda ubudlelwano bembangela nomphumela? Ingabe bayayiqonda izimpawu? Futhi njalo njalo njalo.

UBrian Hare, umcwaningi eNyuvesi yaseDuke, wenze uchungechunge lwezilingo ngeLabrador Retriever yakhe. Indoda yahamba futhi yafihla ubumnandi kwelinye lamabhasikidi amathathu - ngaphezu kwalokho, inja yayisegumbini elilodwa futhi ingabona konke, kodwa umnikazi wayengekho ekamelweni. Umnikazi wabe esengena ekamelweni wabuka imizuzwana engu-30 ukuze abone ukuthi inja yayizobonisa yini lapho okufihlwe khona. ULabrador wenze umsebenzi omuhle! Kodwa enye inja ebambe iqhaza ocwaningweni ayizange ikhombise ukuthi yonke into ikuphi – ivele yahlala, futhi yilokho nje. Okungukuthi, izici zomuntu ngamunye zenja zibalulekile lapha.

Ukusebenzisana kwezinja nabantu kwacwaningwa ngu-Adam Mikloshi wase-University of Budapest. Uthole ukuthi izinja eziningi zijwayele ukuxhumana nabantu ngenhloso. Futhi ukuthi kulezi zilwane kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uyazibona noma cha - lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "umphumela wezilaleli".

Futhi kwavela ukuthi izinja aziqondi nje amagama noma aziboni nje ulwazi, kodwa futhi ziyakwazi ukusisebenzisa njengethuluzi lokufeza imigomo yazo.

Ingabe izinja ziyawaqonda amagama?

Izingane zethu zivame ukufunda amagama amasha ngokushesha ngendlela emangalisayo. Isibonelo, izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyi-8 ziyakwazi ukubamba ngekhanda amagama amasha ayi-12 ngosuku. Ingane eneminyaka eyisithupha iyazi ngamagama angu-10, futhi umfundi wesikole esiphakeme uyazi mayelana ne-000 (Golovin, 50). Kodwa okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi inkumbulo iyodwa ayanele ukubamba ngekhanda amagama amasha - udinga futhi ukwazi ukwenza iziphetho. Ukufanisa ngokushesha akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuthi iyiphi “ilebula” okufanele inamathiselwe entweni ethile, futhi ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiwe.

Ngakho-ke, izingane ziyakwazi ukuqonda futhi zikhumbule ukuthi yiliphi igama elihlotshaniswa nento ku-1 - 2 izikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, awudingi ngisho nokufundisa ingane ngokuqondile - kwanele ukumethula kuleli gama, isibonelo, emdlalweni noma ekukhulumisaneni kwansuku zonke, bheka into, uyiqambe igama, noma ngenye indlela ukudweba ukunaka. yona.

Futhi izingane ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa indlela yokuqeda, okungukuthi, ukufika esiphethweni sokuthi uma ubiza igama elisha, khona-ke libhekisela esihlokweni esingaziwa ngaphambili phakathi kwalezo ezaziwa kakade, ngisho nangaphandle kwezincazelo ezengeziwe.

Inja yokuqala eyakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi lezi zilwane nazo zinamakhono anjalo kwakunguRico.

Imiphumela yabamangaza ososayensi. Iqiniso liwukuthi kuma-70s kwakukhona izivivinyo eziningi zokufundisa amagama wezinkawu. Izinkawu zingakwazi ukufunda amakhulukhulu amagama, kodwa akukaze kube khona ubufakazi bokuthi zingakwazi ngokushesha ukuthatha amagama ezinto ezintsha ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe. Futhi izinja zingakwenza!

UJulianne Kaminski we-Max Planck Society for Scientific Research wenze ucwaningo ngenja okuthiwa u-Rico. Umnikazi wathi inja yakhe yazi amagama angu-200, futhi ososayensi banquma ukuyihlola.

Okokuqala, umninikhaya utshele indlela amfundisa ngayo u-Rico amagama amasha. Wabeka izinto ezihlukahlukene, amagama inja eyazi kakade, isibonelo, amabhola amaningi anemibala nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, futhi uRiko wayazi ukuthi kwakuyibhola elibomvu noma ibhola le-orange. Khona-ke umninikhaya wathi: “Letha ibhola eliphuzi!” Ngakho u-Rico wayewazi amagama awo wonke amanye amabhola, futhi kwakukhona nelilodwa ayengalazi igama lalo – lelo kwakuyibhola eliphuzi. Futhi ngaphandle kweminye imiyalelo, uRiko wayiletha.

Eqinisweni, iziphetho ezifanayo ncamashi zenziwa izingane.

Ukuhlolwa kukaJulian Kaminski kwaba kanje. Okokuqala, wahlola ukuthi uRiko wayewaqonda ngempela yini amagama angu-200. Inja yanikezwa amasethi angu-20 amathoyizi angu-10 futhi empeleni yayiwazi amagama awo wonke.

Base benza ucwaningo olwamangaza wonke umuntu ngendlela engachazeki. Kwakuwuvivinyo lwekhono lokufunda amagama amasha ezinto inja eyayingakaze izibone ngaphambili.

Kwabekwa amathoyizi ayishumi ekamelweni, ayisishiyagalombili kuwo uRiko ayewazi namabili ayengakaze awabone ngaphambili. Ukuze enze isiqiniseko sokuthi inja ngeke ibe ngeyokuqala ukubamba ithoyizi elisha ngenxa nje yokuthi lalilisha, yaqale yacelwa ukuba ilethe amabili asele aziwayo. Futhi lapho ewuqeda ngempumelelo umsebenzi, wanikwa igama elisha. Wangena uRiko ekamelweni, wathatha elinye lamathoyizi amabili angaziwa waliletha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwaphindwa ngemva kwemizuzu eyi-10 bese kuthi ngemva kwamasonto ama-4. Futhi uRiko kuzo zombili izimo wakhumbula kahle igama laleli thoyizi elisha. Okusho ukuthi, wake wanele ukuba afunde futhi abambe ngekhanda igama elisha.

Enye inja, uChaser, yafunda amagama angaphezu kuka-1000 ngale ndlela. Umnikazi wayo uJohn Pilley ubhale incwadi ekhuluma ngokuthi wakwazi kanjani ukuqeqesha inja ngale ndlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnikazi akazange akhethe umdlwane onekhono kakhulu - wathatha owokuqala owafika. Okungukuthi, lokhu akuyona into evelele, kodwa into, ngokusobala, efinyeleleka kakhulu ezinja eziningi.

Kuze kube manje, asikho isiqinisekiso sokuthi noma yiziphi ezinye izilwane, ngaphandle kwezinja, ziyakwazi ukufunda amagama amasha ngale ndlela.

Isithombe: google.by

Ingabe izinja ziyaziqonda izimpawu?

Ukuhlolwa no-Rico kwaba nokuqhubeka. Esikhundleni segama lethoyizi, inja yaboniswa isithombe sethoyizi noma ikhophi encane yento okwakumelwe ifike nayo ekamelweni elilandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kwakuwumsebenzi omusha - umninikhaya akazange amfundise lokhu.

Isibonelo, u-Riko waboniswa unogwaja omncane noma isithombe sikanogwaja wethoyizi, futhi kwakudingeka alethe unogwaja wethoyizi, njll.

Ngokumangalisayo, u-Rico, kanye nezinye izinja ezimbili ezabamba iqhaza ocwaningweni lukaJulian Kamensky, baqonda kahle ukuthi yini edingekayo kubo. Yebo, othile wabhekana kangcono, omunye okubi nakakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi kwakukhona amaphutha, kodwa ngokuvamile bawuqonda umsebenzi.

Ngokumangalisayo, abantu sekuyisikhathi eside bekholelwa ukuthi ukuqonda izimpawu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yolimi, nokuthi izilwane azikwazi lokhu.

Ingabe izinja zingafinyelela iziphetho?

Okunye ukuhlola kwenziwa ngu-Adam Mikloshi. Phambi kwenja kwakukhona izinkomishi ezimbili eziphendukile. Umcwaningi uveze ukuthi akukho okudliwayo ngaphansi kwenkomishi eyodwa futhi wabheka ukuthi inja ingakwazi yini ukukhomba ukuthi ukwelapha kufihlwe ngaphansi kwenkomishi yesibili. Izifundo zaziphumelela impela emsebenzini wazo.

Okunye ukuhlola kwaklanywa ukubona ukuthi izinja ziyakuqonda yini lokho ongakubona nalokho ongakwazi. Ucela inja ukuthi ilethe ibhola, kodwa ingemuva kwesikrini esikhanyayo futhi awukwazi ukubona ukuthi ikuphi. Futhi elinye ibhola lingemuva kwesikrini esibonisa ngale ukuze ulibone. Futhi ngenkathi ubona ibhola elilodwa kuphela, inja ibona kokubili. Iliphi ibhola ocabanga ukuthi uzolikhetha uma umcela ukuthi alethe?

Kuvele ukuthi inja ezikhathini eziningi iletha ibhola enilibona nobabili!

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lapho ukwazi ukuwabona womabili amabhola, inja ikhetha ibhola elilodwa noma elinye ngokungahleliwe, cishe ingxenye yesikhathi ngayinye.

Okusho ukuthi, inja ifika esiphethweni sokuthi uma ucela ukuletha ibhola, kufanele kube yibhola olibonayo.

Omunye owabamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni kuka-Adam Mikloshi kwakunguPhillip, umsizi wenja. Umgomo wawuwukuthola ukuthi uPhillip angafundiswa yini ukuguquguquka ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezingase ziphakame emsebenzini. Futhi esikhundleni sokuqeqeshwa kwakudala, uPhillip wanikezwa ukuthi aphinde izenzo ozilindele kuye. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “Yenza njengoba ngenza” (“Yenza njengoba ngenza”). Okusho ukuthi, ngemva kokulungiselela kokuqala, ubonisa izenzo zenja engakaze zenziwe ngaphambili, futhi inja iphinda ngemva kwakho.

Isibonelo, uthatha ibhodlela lamanzi ulithwale usuka kwelinye igumbi uye kwelinye, bese uthi "Yenza njengoba ngenza" - futhi inja kufanele iphinde izenzo zakho.

Umphumela udlule konke obekulindelwe. Futhi kusukela lapho, iqembu lososayensi baseHungary liye laqeqesha inqwaba yezinja lisebenzisa le nqubo.

Akumangazi?

Kule minyaka engu-10 edlule, sifunde okuningi ngezinja. Futhi zingaki izinto ezitholakele ezisasilindile ngaphambili?