I-Leptospirosis ezinjeni nasemakati

Iyini i-leptospirosis? I-Leptospirosis yisifo esithathelwanayo esibi kakhulu semvelo yebhaktheriya esibangelwa amagciwane ohlobo lwe-Leptospira, angamalungu omndeni wakwaSpirochaetaceae. Ngaphandle kwamakati nezinja, ezinye izilwane ezifuywayo nezasendle nazo zingagula: izinkomo ezinkulu nezincane, amahhashi, izingulube, izilwane ezidla izilwane zasendle - izimpisi, izimpungushe, izimpungushe ze-arctic, ama-minks, ama-ferrets; amagundane - amagundane, amagundane, ama-squirrels, ama-lagomorphs, kanye nezinyoni. Kubantu, lokhu kutheleleka nakho kuyingozi. Izindlela zokutheleleka nge-leptospirosis

• Ngokuthintana ngqo nesilwane esigulayo, esinamathe, ubisi, igazi, umchamo nolunye uketshezi lwebhayoloji
• Ukudla ingcuba enegciwane noma amagundane aphethe i-leptospira 
• Ngokuthintana noketshezi oluthelelekile oluvela kumagundane namagundane endaweni yasemadolobheni
• Lapho udla ukudla okunegciwane lamagundane, lapho udla inyama, i-offal nobisi lwezilwane ezigulayo noma ezitholiwe ze-leptospiro-carrier
• Lapho uphuza amanzi angcolile ezizibeni ezivulekile namachibi 
• Lapho ugeza izinja emachibini anegciwane kanye namachibi
• Lapho umba emhlabathini omanzi ogcwele futhi uququda izimpande nezinti
• Lapho ukukhwelana izinja leptospirosis
• Indlela ye-intrauterine yokutheleleka futhi ngobisi olusuka kumama luye kumawundlu
• Ngokulunywa komkhaza nokulunywa yizinambuzane

I-pathogen ingena emzimbeni ikakhulukazi ngolwelwesi lwamafinyila lwezinhlelo zokugaya ukudla, ukuphefumula kanye ne-genitourinary, kanye nesikhumba esilimele. Isikhathi se-incubation (isikhathi kusukela ekuthelelekeni kuya ekubonakaleni kwezimpawu zokuqala zomtholampilo) sisukela ezinsukwini ezimbili kuya kwezingamashumi amabili. I-Leptospira ayimelani kakhulu nokulondolozwa endaweni yangaphandle, kodwa emhlabathini omanzi nasemizimbeni yamanzi ingaphila kuze kube yizinsuku ezingu-130, futhi esimweni esiyiqhwa ihlala iminyaka. Ngasikhathi sinye, ziyazwela ekomisweni nasekushiseni okuphezulu: enhlabathini eyomile ngemuva kwamahora angama-2-3 balahlekelwa amandla abo okuzala, elangeni eliqondile bafa ngemuva kwamahora ama-2, ekushiseni kuka-+56 bayafa ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-30, ngo +70 bafa ngokushesha. Izwela kuma-disinfectants amaningi kanye nama-antibiotics (ikakhulukazi i-streptomycin). Indawo ekahle kakhulu yokulondolozwa kwe-leptospira ngaphandle komzimba amachibi amanzi, amachibi, amaxhaphozi, imifula egeleza kancane, kanye nenhlabathi emanzi. Indlela yamanzi yokudlulisela ukutheleleka iyona eyinhloko futhi evame kakhulu. Lesi sifo sivame ukuzibonakalisa enkathini efudumele, ehlobo nasekuqaleni kwekwindla, ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esinomswakama, kanye nesimo sezulu esishisayo, lapho izilwane zivame ukupholisa futhi zidakwe ezindaweni ezivulekile namachibi. Amakati atheleleka kakhulu ngokubamba kanye nokudla amagundane (imvamisa amagundane), indlela yamanzi yokutheleleka emakati ayivelakancane ngenxa yamarabi emvelo kanye nokuthanda ukukhetha amanzi okuphuza.

Izimpawu namafomu esifo

Umnikazi ngamunye uyazi ukuthi lapho izimpawu zokuqala zokugula zivela ekati noma inja, okungenani udinga ukubiza futhi uthintane nodokotela wezilwane noma uze ku-aphoyintimenti yobuso nobuso. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emaqenjini asengozini: amakati akhululekile, unogada, ukuzingela, izinja ezilusayo, ikakhulukazi uma zingagonyiwe. Izimpawu eziyinhloko ze-leptospirosis ezinjeni yizi:

• Ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa
• ukucobeka
• Ukuntuleka noma ukuncipha kwesifiso sokudla, ukwanda kokoma
• Ukubonakala kwe-jaundice (ukusuka kokuphuzi okukhanyayo kuya kokuphuzi okumnyama kolwelwesi lwamafinyila lomlomo, ikhala, isitho sangasese sowesifazane, kanye nesikhumba sesisu, i-perineum, indawo yangaphakathi yezindlebe)
• Ukuchama ngegazi noma umbala onsundu, umchamo oguqubele
• Igazi litholakala esitulweni nasekuhlanzeni, ukopha kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane kungase kwenzeke
• Ukopha kulwelwesi lwamafinyila nesikhumba
• Ubuhlungu besibindi, izinso, amathumbu, 
• Izindawo ze-hyperemic kanye ne-icteric zivela kulwelwesi lwamafinyila lomlomo, kamuva - i-necrotic foci nezilonda.
• Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni
• Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Neurological, ukuqunjelwa
• Ezigabeni zokugcina zenkambo enzima yesifo - ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukwehluleka kwesibindi nezinso, isilwane siwela ku-coma ejulile futhi sife. 

Ifomu lombani. Ifomu eliphelele lalesi sifo linesikhathi samahora ama-2 kuye kwangama-48. Lesi sifo siqala ngokunyuka okungazelelwe kokushisa komzimba, okulandelwa ukucindezeleka okubukhali nobuthakathaka. Kwezinye izimo, abanikazi bayaqaphela ekuvukeni kwenja egulayo, iphenduka isiphithiphithi; Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lomzimba wenja lihlala emahoreni ambalwa okuqala okugula, bese lehla liye kwelejwayelekile libe ngaphansi kwama-38C. Kukhona i-tachycardia, i-thready pulse. Ukuphefumula kancane, njalo. Lapho uhlola ulwelwesi lwamafinyila, ukuphuzi kwawo kwembulwa, umchamo onegazi. Ukufa kwalolu hlobo lwesifo kufinyelela ku-100%. Ifomu elicijile. Ngefomu elibi, ubude besifo yizinsuku ezingu-1-4, ngezinye izikhathi izinsuku ezingu-5-10, ukufa kungafinyelela ku-60-80%. Ifomu le-Subacute.

I-subacute form of leptospirosis ibonakala ngezimpawu ezifanayo, kodwa zikhula kancane kancane futhi azibonakali kancane. Lesi sifo ngokuvamile sithatha 10-15, ngezinye izikhathi kuze kube yizinsuku ezingu-20 uma kukhona izifo ezixubile noma yesibili. Ukufa kwefomu le-subacute kungu-30-50%.

Ifomu elingapheli

Ezilwaneni eziningi, ifomu le-subacute liba yizifo ezingelapheki. Esikhathini esingapheli se-leptospirosis, izinja zigcina isifiso sazo sokudla, kepha ukuwohloka, ukuphuzi okuncane kolwelwesi lwamafinyila, i-anemia, isifo sohudo ngezikhathi ezithile, kuvela utwayi oluphuzi olumpunga kulwelwesi lwamafinyila lomlomo, luvuleka nezilonda. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba lihlala lijwayelekile. Kulokhu, inja ihlala ithwala i-leptospirosis isikhathi eside.

Ifomu le-atypical lesifo liqhubeka kalula. Kukhona ukwanda okuncane kanye nesikhathi esifushane ekushiseni komzimba (ngo-0,5-1 ° C), ukucindezeleka okuncane, ulwelwesi lwamafinyila olubonakalayo lwe-anemic, i-icterus encane, isikhathi esifushane (kusuka emahoreni angu-12 kuya ezinsukwini ezingu-3-4) i-hemoglobinuria. Zonke lezi zimpawu ezingenhla ziyanyamalala ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa futhi isilwane siyalulama.

Ifomu le-icteric lirekhodwa ikakhulukazi emidlwaneni nasezinjeni ezincane ezineminyaka engu-1-2 ubudala. Lesi sifo singaba sibi, i-subacute futhi singamahlalakhona. Ihambisana ne-hyperthermia kuze kufike ku-40-41,5 ° C, ukuhlanza ngegazi, i-gastroenteritis eyingozi, ubuhlungu obukhulu emathunjini nesibindi. Isici esiyinhloko esihlukanisayo sefomu le-icteric lesifo yindawo ethile ye-leptospira esibindi, okubangela ukulimala okukhulu kumaseli esibindi kanye nokwephulwa okujulile kwemisebenzi yayo ebaluleke kakhulu.

Uhlobo lwe-hemorrhagic (anicteric) lwe-leptospirosis lwenzeka ikakhulukazi ezinjeni ezindala. Lesi sifo senzeka kakhulu ngesimo esibucayi noma esibucayi, siqala ngokuzumayo futhi sibonakala nge-hyperthermia yesikhashana kuze kufike ku-40-41,5 ° C, ukukhathala okukhulu, i-anorexia, ukoma okwandayo, i-hyperemia yolwelwesi lwamafinyila lomlomo namakhala. izimbotshana, conjunctiva. Kamuva (ngosuku lwe-2-3) izinga lokushisa lomzimba lehla laya ku-37-38 ° C, futhi i-syndrome ebizwa ngokuthi i-hemorrhagic syndrome iqala: ukopha kwe-pathological ulwelwesi lwamafinyila kanye nezinye izitho zomzimba (ngomlomo, ikhala, i-gastrointestinal tract).

Kumakati, isimo siyinkimbinkimbi. I-Leptospirosis emakati ngokuvamile ayibonakali. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqala kwesifo kanye nesikhathi sokufukamela sezinsuku eziyi-10. Ngemuva kokuthi inani elikhulu le-pathogen (i-leptospira) liqoqa emzimbeni, lesi sifo siqala ukuzibonakalisa ngokwaso emtholampilo. Azikho izimpawu ezithile ezihlukile kumakati ane-leptospirosis. Zonke zenzeka kwezinye izifo eziningi. Ukukhathala, ukunganaki, ukozela, umkhuhlane, ukwenqaba ukudla namanzi, ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, amehlo omile, ukubonakala kwe-icteric kulwelwesi lwamafinyila, umchamo ube mnyama, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, okulandelwa ukuqunjelwa, ukuqunjelwa, futhi lezi zimpawu zingaba nobunzima obuhlukahlukene. kuya cishe kungabonakali. Kubalulekile ukulandelela ukulandelana kokubonakaliswa kwesibonakaliso esithile, thintana nodokotela wezilwane, bese wenza izivivinyo zaselabhorethri futhi uqinisekise ukuxilongwa. Kunezimo zokubuyiselwa kwangaphandle okungazelelwe kwekati, lapho izimpawu zinyamalala ngokuzumayo, njengokungathi azikho, ikati libukeka liphilile. Ikati libe seliba umthwali we-leptospiro.

Diagnostics

I-Leptospirosis ingabonakala njengezinye izifo. Njengoba ukutheleleka kuthathelwana kakhulu futhi kuyingozi, kuhlanganise nakubantu, kuyadingeka ukuba kwenziwe ukuxilonga. Ngokuyisisekelo, izindawo zokucwaninga zezilwane zibambisana nelabhorethri ye-microbiological yabantu. Ucwaningo ludinga igazi noma umchamo wesilwane okusolakala ukuthi siyagula. Ukuxilongwa okuqondile kusungulwa ngokwemiphumela yezifundo zaselabhorethri (i-bacteriological, serological, biochemical). Ukuxilongwa okuhlukile: I-Leptospirosis kufanele ihlukaniswe nezinye izifo. Emakatini avela ku-nephritis eyingozi kanye ne-hepatitis, izifo ezithathelwanayo. Isithombe esifanayo singabonwa, isibonelo, nge-peritonitis ethathelwanayo yamakati. Ezinjeni, i-leptospirosis kufanele ihlukaniswe nobuthi, isifo sokusha kwesibindi esithathelwanayo, isifo, i-piroplasmosis, i-borreliosis, kanye nokwehluleka kwezinso okukhulu. Ukwelashwa Ukwelashwa kwe-leptospirosis akusheshi. I-hyperimmune sera ngokumelene ne-leptospirosis isetshenziswa kumthamo we-0,5 ml nge-1 kg yesisindo somzimba, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo. I-Serum ijova ngaphansi kwesikhumba, ngokuvamile isikhathi esingu-1 ngosuku izinsuku ezingu-2-3. Ukwelashwa kwama-antibiotic nakho kuyasetshenziswa, ukwelashwa okunezimpawu (ukusetshenziswa kwe-hepatoprotectors, izidakamizwa ze-antiemetic kanye ne-diuretic, izixazululo zamanzi-usawoti kanye nezakhi, izidakamizwa zokuqeda ubuthi, isibonelo, i-gemodez).

Prevention

• Ukuvimbela izinja namakati azihambelayo
• Ukugwema ukuthintana nezilwane ezilahlekile, abathwali be-leptospiro okungenzeka
• Ukulawulwa kwenani lamagundane endaweni yokuhlala yesilwane
• Ukwelashwa kwezindawo lapho izilwane zigcinwa khona ngezibulala-magciwane
• Ukwelashwa kwesilwane kusuka kuma-parasites angaphandle
• Ukusebenzisa ukudla okomile okuqinisekisiwe nemikhiqizo yenyama, amanzi ahlanzekile
• Ukuvinjelwa / ukuvinjelwa kokubhukuda nokuphuza emanzini asolisayo anamanzi amile
• Ukugoma okufika ngesikhathi. Zonke izinhlobo ezinkulu zemithi yokugoma zihlanganisa ingxenye elwa ne-leptospirosis. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukugoma akunikezeli isivikelo esingu-100% ngokumelene ne-leptospirosis. Ukwakhiwa kwemithi yokugoma kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ze-leptospira, futhi ngokwemvelo ziningi kakhulu, futhi isikhathi sokugoma ngemva kokugoma singaphansi konyaka, ngakho-ke ukugoma kabili ngonyaka kunconywa.
• Lapho usebenza nezilwane ezigulayo, umuntu kufanele avikelwe ngezibuko, amagilavu, izingubo ezivaliwe, kanye nokubulala amagciwane akufanele kunganakwa.