Kanjani futhi yiziphi izimfudu eziphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi nasemhlabeni, izitho zokuphefumula zolwandle nezimfudu zomhlaba

Kukholelwa kabanzi ukuthi izimfudu ezibomvu nezinye ziphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi njengezinhlanzi - ngamagill. Lona umbono oyiphutha - zonke izinhlobo zezimfudu ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi ziphefumula kokubili emhlabathini nasemanzini ngendlela efanayo - ngosizo lwamaphaphu. Kodwa uhlobo olukhethekile lwezitho zokuphefumula zalezi zilwane zivumela ukuthi zisebenzise umoya-mpilo ngokwezomnotho, ukuze zikwazi ukugcina umoya futhi zihlale ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside.

Idivayisi yesistimu yokuphefumula

Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, kuhlanganise nabantu, lapho uphefumula, i-diaphragm iyakhula futhi umoya uthathwe ngamaphaphu - lokhu kwenziwa izimbambo ezihambayo. Ku-turtles, zonke izitho zangaphakathi zizungezwe igobolondo, futhi indawo yesifuba ayinyakazi, ngakho-ke inqubo yokuthatha umoya ihluke ngokuphelele. Uhlelo lokuphefumula lwalezi zilwane luqukethe lezi zitho ezilandelayo:

• emakhaleni angaphandle - inhalation yenziwa ngawo;
• amakhala angaphakathi (abizwa ngokuthi ama-choana) - atholakala esibhakabhakeni futhi aseduze ne-laryngeal fissure;
• i-dilator - umsipha ovula i-larynx lapho uphefumula futhi uphefumula;
• i-trachea emfushane - iqukethe izindandatho ze-cartilaginous, ihambisa umoya ku-bronchi;
• i-bronchi - igatsha elibili, elihambisa umoya-mpilo emaphashini;
• izicubu zamaphaphu - ezitholakala ezinhlangothini, ezihlala engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba.

Ukuphefumula kwe-Turtle kwenziwa ngenxa yamaqembu amabili emisipha etholakala esiswini. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo azinayo i-diaphragm ehlukanisa izitho zangaphakathi namaphaphu; lapho uphefumula, imisipha ivele isunduzele izitho, ivumele izicubu zamaphaphu eziyi-spongy ukuthi zigcwalise yonke indawo. Lapho ukhipha umoya, ukunyakaza okuhlanekezela kwenzeka futhi ukucindezela kwezitho zangaphakathi kubangela ukuba amaphaphu afinyeze futhi akhiphe umoya okhipha umoya.

Ngokuvamile, izidladla nekhanda nazo zihileleke ngenkuthalo kule nqubo - ngokuzidonsa, isilwane sinciphisa isikhala sangaphakathi samahhala futhi siphushe umoya emaphashini. Ukungabikho kwe-diaphragm kuqeda ukwakheka kokucindezela emuva esifubeni, ngakho-ke ukulimala emaphashini akuvimbi inqubo yokuphefumula. Ngenxa yalokhu, izimfudu zingaphila lapho igobolondo liphuka.

Ukungenisa umoya njalo kwenziwa ngamakhala. Uma ufudu luvula umlomo walo futhi luzama ukuphefumula ngomlomo walo, lokhu kuwuphawu lokugula.

iphunga

Ngenxa yesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sesistimu yokuphefumula, izimfudu aziphefumuli nje kuphela, kodwa zithola ulwazi mayelana nezwe elizungezile ngokusebenzisa umuzwa wazo wokuhogela. Iphunga liwumthombo oyinhloko wolwazi lwalezi zilwane - ziyadingeka ukuze kutholakale ukudla okuphumelelayo, ukuqondiswa endaweni, nokuxhumana nezihlobo. Ama-olfactory receptors atholakala emakhaleni nasemlonyeni wesilwane, ngakho-ke, ukuze kungene umoya, ufudu lubamba imisipha yephansi yomlomo. Ukukhipha umoya kukhishwa ngamakhala, ngezinye izikhathi ngomsindo obukhali. Ungabona kaningi ukuthi isilwane sizamula kanjani - lokhu kuyingxenye yenqubo yokuhogela.

Idivayisi yesistimu yokuphefumula, kanye nokuntuleka kwemisipha ye-diaphragm, kwenza kube nzima ukukhwehlela. Ngakho-ke, isilwane asikwazi ukususa ngokuzimela izinto zangaphandle eziye zangena ku-bronchi, futhi ngokuvamile zifa ezinkambisweni zokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu.

Zingaki izimfudu ezingakwazi ukuphefumula

Lapho zibhukuda eduze namanzi, izimfudu zihlala zikhuphukela phezulu ukuze ziphefumule. Inani lokuphefumula ngomzuzu lincike ohlotsheni lwesilwane, ubudala kanye nobukhulu begobolondo laso. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ziphefumula njalo ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa - izilwane zasolwandle zikhuphukela phezulu njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engu-20. Kodwa zonke izinhlobo zezimfudu zingabamba umoya wazo kuze kube amahora ambalwa.

Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wezicubu zamaphaphu. Kufudu olunamadlebe abomvu, amaphaphu athatha u-14% womzimba. Ngakho-ke, ngokuphefumula okukodwa, isilwane singathola umoya-mpilo amahora ambalwa ngaphansi kwamanzi. Uma ufudu lungabhukudi, kodwa lulele phansi lunganyakazi, umoya-mpilo udliwa kancane nakakhulu, ungahlala cishe usuku.

Ngokungafani nezinhlobo zasemanzini, izimfudu zasemhlabeni zenza inqubo yokuphefumula ngokuqhubekayo, zithatha ukuphefumula okungu-5-6 ngomzuzu.

Izindlela zokuphefumula ezingajwayelekile

Ngaphezu kokuphefumula okuvamile ngamakhala, abameleli abaningi bezinhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile bayakwazi ukuthola umoya-mpilo ngenye indlela. Ungezwa ukuthi izimfudu zasemanzini ziphefumula ezinqeni zazo - le ndlela eyingqayizivele ikhona ngempela, futhi lezi zilwane zibizwa ngokuthi "ukuphefumula kwe-bimodally". Amaseli akhethekile atholakala emphinjeni wesilwane kanye nase-cloaca ayakwazi ukumunca umoya-mpilo ngokuqondile emanzini. Ukuhogela nokukhipha amanzi ku-cloaca kudala inqubo ngempela engabizwa ngokuthi "ukuphefumula kwe-booty" - ezinye izinhlobo zenza ukunyakaza okunjalo okuningana ngomzuzu. Lokhu kuvumela izilwane ezihuquzelayo ukuthi zenze ukutshuza okujulile ngaphandle kokukhuphukela phezulu amahora angama-10-12.

Ummeleli ovelele kakhulu osebenzisa isimiso sokuphefumula esikabili ufudu lweFitzroy, oluhlala emfuleni wegama elifanayo e-Australia. Lolu fudu luphefumula ngokoqobo ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngenxa yezicubu ezikhethekile ezisezikhwama ze-cloacal ezigcwele izitsha eziningi. Lokhu kumnika ithuba lokungantanti phezulu kuze kube yizinsuku ezimbalwa. Ukungalungi kwale ndlela yokuphefumula yizidingo eziphakeme zokuhlanzeka kwamanzi - isilwane ngeke sikwazi ukuthola umoya-mpilo oketshezini olunamafu olungcoliswe ukungcola okuhlukahlukene.

Inqubo yokuphefumula kwe-anaerobic

Ngemva kokuthatha umoya, ufudu luyacwila kancane, izinqubo zokumuncwa komoya-mpilo emaphashini ziye egazini ziyaqhubeka imizuzu eyi-10-20 elandelayo. I-Carbon dioxide inqwabelana ngaphandle kokubangela ukucasuka, ngaphandle kokudinga ukuphelelwa yisikhathi ngokushesha, njengasezilwaneni ezincelisayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuphefumula kwe-anaerobic kucushiwe, okuthi esigabeni sokugcina sokumuncwa kuthathe indawo yokushintshana kwegesi ngezicubu zamaphaphu.

Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwe-anaerobic, izicubu ezitholakala ngemuva komphimbo, ku-cloaca, zisetshenziswa - i- layering yenza lawa ma-pads abukeke njengama-gill. Kuthatha imizuzwana embalwa nje ukuthi isilwane sikhiphe i-carbon dioxide bese siphinda sidonsa umoya njengoba sikhuphuka. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ziphefumulela phezulu emanzini ngaphambi kokuba ziphakamise ikhanda lazo ngaphezu komhlaba bese zidonsa umoya ngamakhala azo.

Okuhlukile yizimfudu zasolwandle - izitho zazo zokuphefumula azifaki izicubu ku-cloaca noma i-larynx, ngakho-ke ukuze zithole umoya-mpilo, kufanele zintante phezulu futhi zihogele umoya ngamakhala azo.

Ukuphefumula ngesikhathi sokulala

Ezinye izinhlobo zomfudu zichitha sonke isikhathi sokulala kwazo ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngezinye izikhathi echibini elimbozwe ngokuphelele ungqimba lweqhwa. Ukuphefumula ngalesi sikhathi kwenziwa nge-anaerobically ngesikhumba, izikhwama ze-cesspool kanye nokuphuma okukhethekile ku-larynx. Zonke izinqubo zomzimba ngesikhathi sokulala ziyancipha noma zima, ngakho-ke umoya-mpilo udingeka kuphela ukuze unikeze inhliziyo nobuchopho.