Ingabe izinja ziyabaqonda abantu?

Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka izinja zingabangane abakhulu bomuntu. Bahlala futhi basebenze nathi futhi baze babe amalungu emindeni yethu, kodwa ingabe bayawaqonda amazwi nemizwa yethu? Sekuyisikhathi eside, naphezu kwezimangalo zabafuyi bezinja eziphikisayo, ososayensi baye bacabanga ukuthi lapho inja ibonakala sengathi iyamqonda umnikazi wayo, ibonisa indlela yokuziphatha efundiwe, futhi umnikazi wayo umane nje ebonisa izimfanelo zomuntu kuyo. Kodwa ucwaningo lwakamuva luphinde lwaphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi izinja ziyabaqonda yini abantu nenkulumo yomuntu.

Ucwaningo ngezinqubo zokuqonda ezinjeni

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isintu siyabazi ubuhlobo obude nobuseduze phakathi komuntu nenja, ucwaningo ngezinqubo zokucabanga nokucubungula ulwazi ezinjeni luyinto entsha. Encwadini yakhe ethi How Dogs Love Us, isazi sezinzwa uGregory Burns wase-Emory University ubiza uCharles Darwin njengephayona kulo mkhakha ngeminyaka yawo-1800. UDarwin wabhala kabanzi ngezinja nendlela eziveza ngayo imizwa ngolimi lomzimba emsebenzini wakhe wesithathu othi, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. I-Phys.org igqamisa ucwaningo lokuqala olukhulu lwesimanje, olwenziwa ngo-1990 nguProfesa Ohlangene we-Duke University Associate of Evolutionary Anthropology uBrian Hare, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumfundi oneziqu e-Emory University. Kodwa-ke, le ndawo yocwaningo yathola ukuthandwa kwangempela kuphela ngeminyaka yawo-2000. Kulezi zinsuku, ucwaningo olusha lokuthi izinja ziluqonda kanjani ulimi lwabantu, ukuthinta, kanye nemizwa lwenziwa njalo. Lo mkhakha usudume kakhulu kangangokuthi iNyuvesi yaseDuke yaze yavula umnyango oyisipesheli obizwa ngeCanine Cognition Centre ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaDkt.

Ingabe izinja ziyabaqonda abantu?

Ngakho-ke, iyini imiphumela yazo zonke izifundo ezenziwe? Ingabe izinja ziyasiqonda? Kubonakala sengathi abanikazi bezinja abathi izinja ziyaziqonda babeqinisile, okungenani ngokwengxenye.

Ukuqonda inkulumo

Ngo-2004, iphephabhuku iSayensi lashicilela imiphumela yocwaningo olubandakanya i-border collie okuthiwa u-Rico. Le nja yanqoba izwe lesayensi, ikhombisa ikhono elimangalisayo lokuqonda ngokushesha amagama amasha. Ukubamba ngokushesha kuyikhono lokwakha umqondo ongajwayelekile wencazelo yegama ngemva kokuzwakala okokuqala, okuyisici sezingane ezincane lapho ziqala ukwakha ulwazimagama. U-Rico ufunde amagama ezinto ezahlukene ezingaphezu kuka-200, wafunda ukuzazi ngamagama futhi wazithola emasontweni amane omhlangano wokuqala.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe yiNyuvesi yaseSussex eNgilandi lubonise ukuthi izinja aziqondi nje kuphela izimpawu ezingokomzwelo enkulumweni yethu, kodwa futhi ziyakwazi ukuhlukanisa amagama anengqondo kulawo angenangqondo. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwango-2014 eyashicilelwa kujenali Current Biology iqinisekisa ukuthi izinja, njengabantu, zisebenzisa izingxenye ezihlukene zobuchopho ukucubungula lezi zici zenkulumo. Ngokunembayo, izimpawu zemizwa zicutshungulwa yi-hemisphere engakwesokudla yobuchopho, futhi izincazelo zamagama zicutshungulwa kwesokunxele.

Ukuqonda ulimi lomzimba

Ucwaningo lwango-2012 olwenziwa yiphephabhuku i-PLOS ONE lwaqinisekisa ukuthi izinja ziyaziqonda izindlela zenhlalo yabantu kuze kube yilapho zingabathonya khona. Phakathi nocwaningo, izilwane ezifuywayo zanikezwa izingxenye ezimbili zokudla ezinosayizi abahlukene. Izinja eziningi zakhetha ingxenye enkulu ngokwazo. Kodwa lapho abantu bengenela, isimo sashintsha. Kwaba sobala ukuthi ukusabela okuhle komuntu engxenyeni encane kungabonisa izilwane ukuthi kuyafiseleka ukuyikhetha.

Kolunye ucwaningo lwango-2012 olwanyatheliswa kumagazini i- Current Biology , abacwaningi baseHungary bafunde ikhono lezinja lokuhumusha izindlela zokuxhumana ezicashile. Phakathi nocwaningo, izilwane zaboniswa izinguqulo ezimbili ezihlukene zevidiyo efanayo. Enguqulweni yokuqala, owesifazane ubheka inja futhi asho amagama: "Sawubona, nja!" ngezwi lothando ngaphambi kokubheka eceleni. Inguqulo yesibili iyahluka ngokuthi owesifazane ubheka phansi ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi akhulume ngezwi elithulile. Lapho zibuka inguqulo yokuqala ye-video, izinja zabheka lona wesifazane futhi zamlandela amehlo akhe. Ngokusekelwe kule mpendulo, abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi izinja zinekhono elifanayo lokuqonda njengezingane eziphakathi kweminyaka eyisithupha nezinyanga eziyishumi nambili ukuze zibone ukuthintana kwazo ngokuqondile nolwazi olubhekiswe kuzo.

Lokhu cishe kwakungesona isambulo kuDkt. Hare weCanine Cognition Centre eDuke University, owazenzela owakhe ucwaningo ngezinja njengomdala e-Emory University ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Ngokusho kwe-Phys.org, ucwaningo lukaDkt. Hare luye lwaqinisekisa ukuthi izinja zingcono kunomzala wethu oseduze, izimfene, ngisho nezingane, ekuqondeni izici ezicashile njengokukhomba iminwe, ukuma komzimba, nokunyakaza kwamehlo.

Ukuqonda imizwa

Ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, ababhali bocwaningo olwanyatheliswa ephephabhukwini elithi Biology Letters of the Royal Society of London (British Royal Society), babika ukuthi izilwane ziyakwazi ukuqonda imizwelo yabantu. Umphumela wokubambisana phakathi kwabacwaningi baseNyuvesi yaseLincoln e-United Kingdom kanye neNyuvesi yaseSao Paulo eBrazil, lolu cwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi izinja zakha izethulo zengqondo ezingabonakali zezimo ezingokomzwelo ezinhle nezimbi.

Phakathi nocwaningo, izinja zaboniswa izithombe zabantu nezinye izinja ezazibukeka zijabule noma zithukuthele. Ukuboniswa kwezithombe kuhambisane nokuboniswa kweziqeshana zomsindo ezinamaphimbo ajabulisayo noma athukuthele/ anolaka. Lapho imizwa evezwa yiphimbo ifanelana nomzwelo ovezwe esithombeni, izilwane ezifuywayo zachitha isikhathi esiningi zihlola isimo sobuso esithombeni.

Ngokusho komunye wabacwaningi, uDkt. Ken Guo weLincoln University School of Psychology, “Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luveze ukuthi izinja ziyakwazi ukubona imizwa yomuntu ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezifana nesimo sobuso, kodwa lokhu akufani nokubona imizwa, ” ngokwesiza. ScienceDaily.

Ngokuhlanganisa imigudu emibili ehlukene yokubona, abacwaningi babonise ukuthi izinja ngempela zinekhono lokuqaphela nokuqonda imizwa yabantu.

Kungani izinja zisiqonda?

Isizathu sokuthi kungani izilwane ezifuywayo zikwazi ukusiqonda kuseyimpicabadala, kodwa abacwaningi abaningi babheka leli khono njengomphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nesidingo. Izinja bezilokhu zihlobene eduze nabantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziye zancika kubantu ngaphezu kwanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Mhlawumbe ukuzalanisa nakho kwaba nendima, okwakhethwa izinja ngesisekelo samakhono athile okuqonda okubonakala. Kunoma ikuphi, kusobala ukuthi abantu abahlobene eduze futhi abancike kumuntu, ngokushesha noma kamuva bahlakulela ikhono lokusiqonda nokuxhumana nathi.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu kuwe kanye nomdlwane wakho?

Manje njengoba usuqaphela kakhudlwana ukuthi isilwane sakho esifuywayo asikwazi ukuqonda kuphela amagama nemiyalelo yomlomo, kodwa nezimpawu ezithinta imizwa, kwenza muphi umehluko lokho? Okokuqala, kukunikeza ukuzethemba ukuthi umdlwane wakho uyakwazi ukufunda hhayi kuphela imiyalo "Hlala!", "Yima!" futhi “Phawula!” Izinja zinekhono elimangalisayo lokubamba ngekhanda amakhulukhulu amagama, njengo-Rico, oshiwo ngenhla, kanye no-Chaser, i-Border Collie, ofunde ngaphezu kwamagama angu-1. I-Chaser inekhono elimangalisayo lokuthatha amagama amasha ngokushesha futhi ingathola ithoyizi ngegama layo. Uma umcela ukuthi athole phakathi kwamathoyizi awaziwayo into angayazi igama lakhe, uzoqonda ukuthi ithoyizi elisha kumele lihlotshaniswe negama elisha alaziyo. Leli khono lifakazela ukuthi abangani bethu abanemilenze emine bahlakaniphe kakhulu.

Omunye umbuzo okukhulunywa ngawo ocwaningweni lwekhono lokuqonda lezinja ukuthi ziyakwazi yini ukuqonda izinkomba zomphakathi. Uke waqaphela ukuthi uma unosuku olunzima, inja izama ukuhlala eduze kwakho futhi ikuphulula kaningi? Ngale ndlela, ufuna ukuthi: “Ngiyaqonda ukuthi unosuku olunzima, futhi ngifuna ukusiza.” Uma ukuqonda lokhu, kulula kuwe ukuqinisa ubudlelwano, ngoba uyazi ukuthi usabela kanjani esimweni somzwelo somunye nomunye futhi wabelane ngezinto ezijabulisayo nezibuhlungu - njengomndeni wangempela.

Ingabe izinja ziyasiqonda? Ngokungangabazeki. Ngakho ngokuzayo lapho ukhuluma nesilwane sakho esifuywayo futhi uqaphela ukuthi sikulalele ngokucophelela, qiniseka ukuthi lokhu akukhona okucabangayo. Inja yakho ayiwaqondi wonke amagama futhi ayiyazi incazelo yawo ngqo, kodwa ikwazi kangcono kunalokho ocabanga ngakho. Kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu, isilwane sakho siyakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi uyamthanda, ngakho ungacabangi ukuthi ukukhuluma naye ngothando lwakho kuyize.