Iyini inhliziyo yezilwane ezihlala emanzini: incazelo eningiliziwe nezici

Izilwane ezihlala emanzini zingaphansi kwekilasi lezilwane ezinomgogodla ezinemilenze emine, lilonke leli klasi lihlanganisa izinhlobo zezilwane ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyisithupha namakhulu ayisikhombisa, okuhlanganisa amaxoxo, amasalamanders kanye nentsha. Lesi sigaba sithathwa njengengavamile. Kunezinhlobo ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili eRussia kanye nezinhlobo ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amane nesikhombisa eMadagascar.

Izilwane ezihlala emanzini zingaphansi kwezilwane ezinomgogodla zasemhlabeni, zihlala endaweni ephakathi phakathi kwezilwane ezinomgogodla zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni, ngoba izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ziyazalana futhi zithuthuke endaweni yasemanzini, futhi abantu asebekhulile baqala ukuhlala emhlabeni.

Ama-Amphibians babe namaphaphu, eziphefumulayo, ukujikeleza kwegazi kuhlanganisa imibuthano emibili, futhi inhliziyo inamakamelo amathathu. Igazi ezilwaneni ezihlala emanzini lihlukaniswe libe yi-venous kanye ne-arterial. Ukunyakaza kwama-amphibians kwenzeka ngosizo lwezitho ezineminwe emihlanu, futhi zinamalungu ayindilinga. Umgogodla nogebhezi kuchazwa ngendlela enyakazayo. I-palatine square cartilage ihlangana ne-autostyle, futhi i-himandibular iba i-ossicle yokuzwa. Ukuzwa kuma-amphibians kuphelele kakhulu kunezinhlanzi: ngaphezu kwendlebe yangaphakathi, kukhona nendlebe ephakathi. Amehlo asejwayela ukubona kahle emabangeni ahlukene.

Ezweni, izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini azijwayele ukuphila - lokhu kungabonakala kuzo zonke izitho zomzimba. Izinga lokushisa lezilwane ezihlala emanzini lincike kumswakama kanye nezinga lokushisa kwendawo yazo. Ikhono labo lokuhamba nokuhamba emhlabeni lilinganiselwe.

Ukujikeleza kanye nesistimu ye-circulatory

Ama-Amphibians abe nenhliziyo enamagumbi amathathu, iqukethe i-ventricle ne-atria ngenani lezicucu ezimbili. E-caudate futhi engenamilenze, i-atria yesokudla nesobunxele ayihlukanisiwe ngokuphelele. Ama-Anuran ane-septum ephelele phakathi kwe-atria, kodwa izilwane ezihlala emanzini zinendawo eyodwa yokuvula exhuma i-ventricle kuzo zombili i-atria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, enhliziyweni yama-amphibians kukhona i-venous sinus, ethola igazi le-venous futhi ixhumane ne-atrium efanele. I-arterial cone ihlangana nenhliziyo, igazi lithululelwa kulo lisuka ku-ventricle.

I-conus arteriosus ine i-valve ejikelezayo, esabalalisa igazi libe ngamapheya amathathu emikhumbi. Inkomba yenhliziyo isilinganiso sesisindo senhliziyo kuya kumaphesenti esisindo somzimba, kuya ngokuthi isilwane sisebenza kangakanani. Isibonelo, utshani namaxoxo aluhlaza anyakaza kancane kakhulu futhi anenhliziyo eshaya ngaphansi kwengxenye yephesenti. Futhi isele elisebenzayo, eliphansi linephesenti cishe elilodwa.

Ezibungwini ze-amphibian, ukujikeleza kwegazi kunomjikelezo owodwa, uhlelo lwabo lokuhlinzeka ngegazi lufana nezinhlanzi: i-atrium eyodwa enhliziyweni nase-ventricle, kune-cone ye-arterial ehlanganisa amapheya angu-4 emithanjeni ye-gill. Imithanjeni emithathu yokuqala ihlukana ibe ama-capillaries kumagill angaphandle nangaphakathi, kanti ama-branchial capillaries ahlangana emithanjeni ye-branchial. Umthambo owenza i-branchial arch yokuqala uhlukana ube yimithambo ye-carotid, ehlinzeka ikhanda ngegazi.

imithambo yegill

Ukuhlanganisa eyesibili neyesithathu imithambo ye-branchial efferent ngezimpande ze-aorta ezingakwesokudla nesobunxele futhi ukuxhumana kwazo kwenzeka ku-dorsal aorta. Umbhangqwana wokugcina we-branchial arteries awuhlukani ube ama-capillaries, ngoba ku-arch yesine ku-gill yangaphakathi nangaphandle, i-aorta yangemuva igeleza ezimpandeni. Ukuthuthukiswa nokubunjwa kwamaphaphu kuhambisana nokuhlelwa kabusha kokujikeleza kwegazi.

I-atrium ihlukaniswe yi-septum yobude ibe kwesokunxele nakwesokudla, okwenza inhliziyo ibe namagumbi amathathu. Inethiwekhi yama-capillaries iyancishiswa bese iphenduka imithambo ye-carotid, futhi izimpande ze-aorta ye-dorsal zisuka kumapheya esibili, ama-caudate agcina ipheya yesithathu, kuyilapho i-pair yesine iphenduka imithambo ye-skin-pulmonary. I-circulatory peripheral system iphinde iguqulwe futhi ithole uhlamvu oluphakathi phakathi kwesikimu somhlaba kanye namanzi. Ukuhlelwa kabusha okukhulu kakhulu kwenzeka kuma-amphibian anurans.

Ama-amphibians amadala anenhliziyo enamagumbi amathathu: i-ventricle eyodwa kanye ne-atria ngenani lezingcezu ezimbili. I-venous-cone-walled-walled sinus ihlangana ne-atrium ngakwesokudla, futhi i-cone ye-arterial isuka ku-ventricle. Kungaphethwa ngokuthi inhliziyo inezigaba ezinhlanu. Kukhona ukuvuleka okuvamile, ngenxa yokuthi kokubili i-atria ivuleka ku-ventricle. Ama-valve e-atrioventricular nawo atholakala lapho, awavumeli igazi ukuba lingene emuva ku-atrium lapho i-ventricle inkontileka.

Kukhona ukwakheka kwamakamelo amaningana axhumana nomunye nomunye ngenxa yokuphuma kwemisipha yezindonga ze-ventricular - lokhu akuvumeli igazi ukuba lihlangane. I-arterial cone isuka ku-ventricle efanele, futhi i-spiral cone itholakala ngaphakathi kwayo. Kulokhu ama-arches e-cone arterial aqala ukuhamba ngenani lamapheya amathathu, ekuqaleni izitsha zine-membrane evamile.

Imithambo yamaphaphu kwesokunxele nakwesokudla suka kude nekhoni kuqala. Khona-ke izimpande ze-aorta ziqala ukusuka. Ama-branchial arches amabili ahlukanisa imithambo emibili: i-subclavian ne-occipital-vertebral, ahlinzeka ngegazi emilenzeni yangaphambili nemisipha yomzimba, futhi ahlangane ku-aorta yomgogodla ngaphansi kwekholomu yomgogodla. I-dorsal aorta ihlukanisa umthambo onamandla we-enteromesenteric (lo mthambo unikeza ithubhu lokugaya ngegazi). Ngokuqondene namanye amagatsha, igazi ligeleza nge-aorta ye-dorsal liye emilenzeni yangemuva nakwezinye izitho.

Imithambo ye-carotid

Imithambo ye-carotid ingeyokugcina ukusuka ku-arterial cone futhi ihlukaniswe phakathi nangaphandle imithambo yegazi. Igazi le-venous elivela ezithweni zangemuva kanye nengxenye yomzimba etholakala ngemuva liqoqwa yimithambo ye-sciatic ne-femoral, ehlangana emithanjeni ye-renal portal bese ihlukana ibe ama-capillaries ezinso, okungukuthi, kwakhiwa uhlelo lwe-portal renal. Imithambo isuka emithanjeni yesifazane yesokunxele nengakwesokudla bese ihlangana emthanjeni wesisu ongabhanqiwe, oya esibindini eduze nodonga lwesisu, ngakho uqhekeka ube ama-capillaries.

Ku-portal vein yesibindi, igazi liqoqwa emithanjeni yazo zonke izingxenye zesisu nasemathunjini, esibindini lihlukana libe ama-capillaries. Kukhona ukuhlangana kwama-capillaries ezinso emithanjeni, ephumayo futhi egeleza ku-vena cava engahlangene yangemuva, futhi imithambo ephuma ezithweni zangasese nayo igeleza lapho. I-posterior vena cava idlula esibindini, kodwa igazi eliqukethe alingeni esibindini, imithambo emincane ephuma esibindini igelezela kuso, futhi yona, igelezela ku-sinus ye-venous. Wonke ama-caudate amphibians kanye namanye ama-anuran agcina imithambo yangemuva eyikhadinali, egelezela ku-vena cava yangaphambili.

igazi lomthambo, ekhishwa nge-oxidized esikhumbeni, iqoqwe emthanjeni omkhulu we-cutaneous, futhi umthambo we-cutaneous, wona, uthwala igazi le-venous emthanjeni we-subclavia ngqo kusuka emthanjeni we-brachial. Imithambo ye-subclavia ihlangana nemithambo ye-jugular yangaphakathi neyangaphandle ingene ku-vena cava yangakwesobunxele, ethululela ku-sinus ye-venous. Igazi elisuka lapho liqala ukugeleza ku-atrium ngakwesokudla. Emithanjeni yamaphaphu, igazi le-arterial liqoqwa lisuka emaphashini, futhi imithambo igeleze ingene ku-atrium ngakwesobunxele.

Igazi le-arterial kanye ne-atria

Lapho ukuphefumula kuyi-pulmonary, igazi elixubile liqala ukuqoqa ku-atrium ngakwesokudla: liqukethe igazi le-venous ne-arterial, igazi le-venous liphuma kuyo yonke iminyango ngokusebenzisa i-vena cava, futhi igazi le-arterial lingena emithanjeni yesikhumba. igazi le-arterial igcwalisa i-atrium ohlangothini lwesobunxele, igazi liphuma emaphashini. Lapho ukufinyela ngesikhathi esisodwa kwe-atria kwenzeka, igazi lingena ku-ventricle, ukukhula kwezindonga zesisu akuvumeli igazi ukuba lihlangane: igazi le-venous ligcwele ku-ventricle efanele, futhi igazi le-arterial ligcwele ku-ventricle yesokunxele.

I-arterial cone isuka ku-ventricle ohlangothini lwesokudla, ngakho lapho i-ventricle ifinyela ku-cone, igazi le-venous lingena kuqala, eligcwalisa imithambo ye-pulmonary yesikhumba. Uma i-ventricle iqhubeka nenkontileka ku-cone ye-arterial, ingcindezi iqala ukwanda, i-valve ejikelezayo iqala ukunyakaza futhi ivula izimbobo ze-aortic arch, kuzo kuphuma igazi elixubile lisuka enkabeni ye-ventricle. Ngokufinyela okugcwele kwe-ventricle, igazi le-arterial elisuka engxenyeni yesokunxele lingena ekhoneni.

Ngeke ikwazi ukudlula ku-aorta ye-aorta kanye ne-pulmonary cutaneous arteries, ngoba isivele inegazi, okuthi ngokucindezela okunamandla ishintshe i-valve evunguzayo, ivule imilomo ye-carotid arteries, igazi le-arterial lizogeleza lapho, elizothunyelwa. ekhanda. Uma ukuphefumula kwamaphaphu kuvaliwe isikhathi eside, isibonelo, ngesikhathi sasebusika ngaphansi kwamanzi, igazi eliningi le-venous lizogeleza ekhanda.

I-oksijeni ingena ebuchosheni ngenani elincane, ngoba kukhona ukwehla okujwayelekile emsebenzini we-metabolism futhi isilwane siwela esimeni. Ezilwaneni ezihlala emanzini ezihlala emanzini angaphansi kwe-caudate, imbobo ivame ukuhlala phakathi kokubili kwe-atria, futhi i-valve ejikelezayo ye-arterial cone ayithuthukisiwe kahle. Ngakho-ke, igazi elixubene kakhulu lingena kuma-arches emithanjeni kunezilwane ezihlala emanzini angenamsila.

Nakuba izilwane ezihlala emanzini zinakho ukujikeleza kwegazi kuhamba emibuthanweni emibili, ngenxa yokuthi i-ventricle ingenye, ayibavumeli ukuba bahlukane ngokuphelele. Isakhiwo sohlelo olunjalo sihlobene ngokuqondile nezitho zokuphefumula, ezinesakhiwo esimbaxambili futhi zihambisana nendlela yokuphila eholwa ama-amphibians. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuphila kokubili emhlabeni nasemanzini ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi.

Umnkantsha obomvu

Umnkantsha obomvu wamathambo ama-tubular uqala ukuvela kuma-amphibians. Inani legazi eliphelele lifinyelela kumaphesenti ayisikhombisa esisindo esiphelele se-amphibian, futhi i-hemoglobin iyahlukahluka kusuka kumaphesenti amabili kuya kwayishumi noma kuze kufike kumagremu amahlanu ngekhilogremu yesisindo, amandla komoya-mpilo egazini ahluka kusuka kokubili nengxenye kuya kweyishumi nantathu. amaphesenti, lezi zibalo ziphezulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezinhlanzi.

Ama-amphibians anamangqamuzana amakhulu egazi abomvu, kodwa zimbalwa zazo: kusukela ezinkulungwaneni ezingamashumi amabili kuya kwamakhulu ayisikhombisa namashumi amathathu ezinkulungwane ngecubic millimeter yegazi. Inani legazi lezibungu liphansi kunelabantu abadala. Ezilwaneni ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini, njengasezinhlanzini, amazinga kashukela egazini ayashintshashintsha nezinkathi zonyaka. Ibonisa amanani aphakeme kakhulu ezinhlanzini, nasezilwandle ezihlala emanzini, i-caudates isuka kumaphesenti ayishumi kuya kwangamashumi ayisithupha, kuyilapho kuma-anurans isuka kumaphesenti angamashumi amane kuya kwamashumi ayisishiyagalombili.

Lapho kuphela ihlobo, kuba nokwanda okunamandla kwama-carbohydrate egazini, kulungiselelwa ubusika, ngoba ama-carbohydrate anqwabelana emisipha nasesibindini, kanye nasentwasahlobo, lapho kuqala inkathi yokuzalanisa nama-carbohydrate engena egazini. Izilwane ezihlala emanzini zinomshini wokulawula amahomoni we-carbohydrate metabolism, nakuba ingaphelele.

Izinhlobo ezintathu zama-amphibians

Ama-Amphibians zihlukaniswe izigaba ezilandelayo:

• Ama-Amphibians angenamsila. Leli qembu liqukethe izinhlobo ezingaba yinkulungwane namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili eziye zajwayela futhi zihamba emhlabeni, zigxumela ezithweni zangemuva, ezinde. Lolu hlelo luhlanganisa amaxoxo, amaxoxo, amasele, nokunye okunjalo. Kukhona ezingenamisila kuwo wonke amazwekazi, okuwukuphela kwe-Antarctica. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: amaxoxo angempela, amaxoxo esihlahla, anolimi oluyindilinga, amaxoxo angempela, ama-rhinoderms, amakhwela kanye ne-spadefoot.
• Ama-Amphibians akhula. Bangabokuqala kakhulu. Kukhona cishe izinhlobo ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisishiyagalombili zazo zonke. Zonke izinhlobo zama-newt nama-salamanders zingezabo, zihlala enyakatho nenkabazwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi umndeni wama-protea, ama-salamanders angenamaphaphu, ama-salamanders eqiniso, nama-salamanders.
• Amphibious engenamilenze. Cishe kunezinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu, iningi lazo lihlala ngaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zilwane ezihlala emanzini zisezindala impela, zisaphila kuze kube manje ngenxa yokuthi zikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nendlela yokuphila emigodini.

Imithambo ye-Amphibian iyizinhlobo ezilandelayo:

1. Imithambo ye-carotid ihlinzeka ikhanda ngegazi le-arterial.
2. I-Skin-pulmonary arteries - ithwala igazi le-venous esikhumbeni nasemaphashini.
3. Ama-aortic arches athwala igazi elixubene nezitho ezisele.

Ama-Amphibians ayizilwane ezidla ezinye, izindlala zamathe, ezithuthukiswe kahle, imfihlo yazo ithambisa:

• ulimi
• ukudla kanye nomlomo.

Ama-Amphibians avela phakathi noma ngaphansi kwe-Devonian, okungukuthi cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amathathu edlule. Izinhlanzi zingokhokho bazo, zinamaphaphu futhi zinamaphiko abhanqiwe, okungenzeka ukuthi, kwakhiwe izitho ezineminwe emihlanu. Izinhlanzi zasendulo ezenziwe nge-lobe zihlangabezana nalezi zidingo. Anamaphaphu, futhi kuhlaka lwamathambo amaphiko, izakhi ezifana nezingxenye zohlaka lwamathambo omlenze wasemhlabeni oneminwe emihlanu zibonakala ngokucacile. Futhi, iqiniso lokuthi ama-amphibians avela ezinhlanzi zasendulo eziphethwe yi-lobe kuboniswa ukufana okuqinile kwamathambo e-skull, afana nezingebhezi zama-amphibians enkathi ye-Paleozoic.

Izimbambo ezingaphansi nangaphezulu zazikhona kuma-lobe-finned kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Nokho, i-lungfish, eyayinamaphaphu, yayihluke kakhulu kwezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Ngakho-ke, izici ze-locomotion nokuphefumula, okwanikeza ithuba lokuhamba emhlabeni kumadlozi ezilwane ezihlala emanzini, zavela ngisho nalapho kwakuyizilwane ezinomgogodla zasemanzini nje.

Isizathu esasebenza njengesisekelo sokuvela kwalezi zimo, ngokusobala, umbuso oyingqayizivele wamadamu anamanzi ahlanzekile, futhi ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezifakwe nge-lobe zazihlala kuwo. Lokhu kungaba ukomiswa ngezikhathi ezithile noma ukuntuleka komoyampilo. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu sebhayoloji esathatha isinqumo ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka kwamadlozi kanye nokumiswa kwawo emhlabeni ukudla okusha abakuthola endaweni yabo entsha yokuhlala.

Izitho zokuphefumula kuma-amphibians

Ama-Amphibians akhona izitho zokuphefumula ezilandelayo:

• Amaphaphu yizitho zokuphefumula.
• AmaGill. Bakhona kuma-tadpoles nakwezinye izakhamuzi zesici samanzi.
• Izitho zokuphefumula okwengeziwe ngendlela yesikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila lomgodi we-oropharyngeal.

Ezilwaneni ezihlala emanzini, amaphaphu ethulwa ngendlela yezikhwama ezibhanqiwe, ezingenalutho ngaphakathi. Zinezindonga ezincane kakhulu ngokuqina, futhi ngaphakathi kukhona isakhiwo seseli esakhiwe kancane. Nokho, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni zinamaphaphu amancane. Isibonelo, emaxoxoni, isilinganiso sobuso bamaphaphu esikhumbeni silinganiswa ngesilinganiso sokubili ukuya kwezintathu, uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezincelisayo, lapho lesi silinganiso singamashumi amahlanu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi siphindwe kayikhulu ngokuvuna amaphaphu.

Ngokuguqulwa kwesistimu yokuphefumula ezilwandle ezihlala emanzini, ushintsho endleleni yokuphefumula. Izilwane ezihlala emanzini zisenohlobo lwakudala oluphoqelelwe lokuphefumula. Umoya udonselwa emlonyeni womlomo, ngenxa yalokhu amakhala avuleka bese kwehla ingaphansi lomgodi womlomo. Khona-ke amakhala avaliwe ngama-valve, futhi phansi komlomo kuphakama ngenxa yokuthi umoya ungena emaphashini.

Sinjani isimiso sezinzwa kuzilwane ezihlala emanzini

Ezilwaneni ezihlala emanzini, ubuchopho bunesisindo esikhulu kunesezinhlanzi. Uma sithatha iphesenti lesisindo sobuchopho nesisindo, khona-ke ezinhlanzini zanamuhla ezine-cartilage, isibalo sizoba ngu-0,06-0,44%, ezinhlanzi zamathambo 0,02-0,94%, kuma-amphibians anemsila 0,29. -0,36 %, kuzilwane ezihlala emanzini ezingenamsila 0,50–0,73%.

Ingqondo yangaphambili yezilwane ezihlala emanzini ithuthuke kakhulu kunezinhlanzi; kwakukhona ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele kwama-hemispheres amabili. Futhi, ukuthuthukiswa kuvezwa kokuqukethwe kwenani elikhulu lamangqamuzana ezinzwa.

Ingqondo yakhiwe izingxenye ezinhlanu:

1. I-forebrain enkulu ngokuqhathaniswa, ehlukaniswe ngama-hemispheres amabili futhi iqukethe ama-lobes olfactory.
2. I-diencephalon ethuthukisiwe kahle.
3. I-cerebellum engathuthukisiwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukunyakaza kwama-amphibians kuyisicefe futhi akulula.
4. Isikhungo sezinhlelo zokujikeleza kwegazi, zokugaya ukudla kanye nezokuphefumula yi-medulla oblongata.
5. Umbono kanye nethoni yemisipha yamathambo kulawulwa ubuchopho obuphakathi.

Indlela yokuphila yezilwane ezihlala emanzini

Indlela yokuphila eholwa yizilwane ezihlala emanzini ihlobene ngokuqondile nesayensi yemvelo yazo kanye nesakhiwo. Izitho zokuphefumula aziphelele esakhiweni - lokhu kusebenza emaphashini, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yalokhu, i-imprint ishiywe kwezinye izinhlelo zesitho. Umswakama uhlala uhwamuka esikhumbeni, okwenza izilwane ezihlala emanzini zincike ebukhoneni bomswakama endaweni ezungezile. Izinga lokushisa lendawo okuhlala kuyo izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini nalo libaluleke kakhulu, ngoba azinalo igazi elifudumele.

Abamele leli klasi banendlela yokuphila ehlukile, ngakho-ke kukhona umehluko ngesakhiwo. Ukwehlukahlukana kanye nobuningi bezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini kuphezulu ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho kunomswakama ophezulu futhi cishe njalo izinga lokushisa lomoya liphezulu.

Ngokusondela esigxotsheni, izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala emanzini ziba zincane. Zimbalwa izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini ezindaweni ezomile nezibandayo zeplanethi. Awekho ama-amphibians lapho kungekho khona amadamu, ngisho nalawo esikhashana, ngoba amaqanda ngokuvamile angakhula emanzini kuphela. Awekho ama-amphibians emanzini anosawoti, isikhumba sabo asigcini ingcindezi ye-osmotic kanye nemvelo ye-hypertonic.

Amaqanda awakhuli emanzini anosawoti. Ama-amphibians ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu alandelayo ngokwemvelo yendawo yokuhlala:

• amanzi,
• zasemhlabeni.

I-terrestrial ingaya kude nemithombo yamanzi, uma lesi kungesona isikhathi sokuzalanisa. Kodwa zasemanzini, kunalokho, zichitha impilo yazo yonke emanzini, noma eduze kakhulu namanzi. Ku-caudates, amafomu asemanzini ahamba phambili, ezinye izinhlobo ze-anus nazo zingaba ezazo, eRussia, isibonelo, lezi zingamaxoxo echibi noma echibini.

Ama-amphibians ase-Arboreal isatshalaliswa kabanzi phakathi komhlaba, isibonelo, amaxoxo e-copepod namasele esihlahla. Ezinye izilwane ezihlala emanzini asemhlabeni ziphila indlela yokuphila emigodini, isibonelo, ezinye azinamsila, futhi cishe zonke azinamilenze. Kubahlali basemhlabeni, njengomthetho, amaphaphu athuthukisiwe kangcono, futhi isikhumba asihileli kancane ohlelweni lokuphefumula. Ngenxa yalokhu, awancikile kangako kumswakama wendawo ezihlala kuyo.

Ama-amphibians enza imisebenzi ewusizo eshintshashintsha unyaka nonyaka, kuya ngenani labo. Ihlukile ezigabeni ezithile, ngezikhathi ezithile nangaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezithile. Izilwane ezihlala emanzini, ngaphezu kwezinyoni, zibhubhisa izinambuzane ezinokunambitheka okubi nephunga, kanye nezinambuzane ezinombala ovikelayo. Lapho cishe zonke izinyoni ezinambuzane zilele, izilwane ezihlala emanzini ziyazingela.

Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi benaka iqiniso lokuthi izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni zizuzisa kakhulu njengababulali bezinambuzane ezingadini zemifino nasemasimini ezithelo. Abalimi baseHolland, eHungary naseNgilandi baletha ngokukhethekile amaxoxo avela emazweni ahlukene, bewakhulula ezindlini zokugcina izithombo nasezingadini. Maphakathi nawo-thirties, cishe izinhlobo eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu ze-aga toad zathunyelwa ngaphandle zisuka e-Antilles nase-Hawaiian Islands. Aqala ukwanda futhi amasele angaphezu kwesigidi adedelwa endaweni yomoba, imiphumela yadlula konke obekulindelekile.

Umbono nokuzwa kwezilwane ezihlala emanzini

Amehlo ase-Amphibian avikela ekuvinjweni nasekumisweni amajwabu amehlo aphansi nangaphezulu, kanye ne-nictitating membrane. I-cornea yaba yi-convex kanye ne-lens lenticular. Ngokuyisisekelo, izilwane ezihlala emanzini zibona izinto ezihambayo.

Ngokuqondene nezitho zokuzwa, kwavela i-ossicle yokuzwa kanye nendlebe ephakathi. Lokhu kubukeka kungenxa yokuthi kuye kwadingeka ukubona kangcono ukudlidliza komsindo, ngoba i-air medium inomthamo omkhulu kunamanzi.