Kuyini ukuqeqeshwa kwezinja ezisebenzayo?

Kusukela ku-reflex ye-classical conditioned eqanjwe nge-IP Pavlov, le reflex iyahluka ngoba isekelwe emsebenzini osebenzayo onenjongo wesilwane, obangelwa uhlobo oluthile lwesidingo. Futhi ukuqinisa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuwumphumela walo msebenzi osebenzayo futhi onenjongo. Ngenkathi kune-reflex ye-conditioned yakudala, ukuqiniswa akunamibandela, noma kumane kuyisisusa sesibili.

Ukufunda okusebenzayo kutholwe usosayensi waseMelika u-EL Thorndike ngenxa yobuhlakani bamakati nezinja. Iqiniso liwukuthi uThorndike, ehlola ikhono lezilwane lokufunda, waklama ikheji elikhethekile elinomnyango onengidi elula. Evala amakati nezinja kuleli kheji, wabuka ngokujabula okunempilo kososayensi njengoba abafowabo abancane befunda ukuvula lo mnyango. Futhi abazalwane nodade abasebasha bafunda ukuvula umnyango ngokwenza imizamo ehlukahlukene, eminye yayo eyaphumelela, kanti eminye ayiphumelelanga. Ngakho-ke, uThorndike wabiza indlela yokufunda ayitholile “isilingo nephutha.”

Nokho, le ndlela yokufunda yaqanjwa kamuva omunye usosayensi waseMelika owaziwayo, uBF Skinner, owanikela ngakho konke ukuphila kwakhe okungokwesayensi. Yingakho, phakathi kobaba abaningana be-reflex esebenzayo, i-Skinner ibhekwa njengobaba oyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, ngobulungisa, siyaqaphela ukuthi ngokokuqala ngqá emhlabeni, ukuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ekufundeni okusebenzayo kwachazwa umqeqeshi wethu omangalisayo u-Vladimir Durov encwadini yakhe ethi "Ukuqeqeshwa Kwezilwane. Ukubhekwa kwengqondo ngezilwane eziqeqeshwe ngokwendlela yami. Iminyaka engu-40 yesipiliyoni.” Ngakho-ke, ungafunda ngenguqulo yesiRashiya yokuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo encwadini ka-Vladimir Durov, futhi inguqulo yaseMelika yokuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo ichazwe kahle encwadini ethi "Musa ukugwavuma inja!" ngesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo nomqeqeshi uKaren Pryor, okuyinto, ngendlela, futhi ngikweluleka ukuthi ufunde.

Indlela ejwayelekile ka-Skinner yokuqeqeshwa kokusebenza ingachazwa kulezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

isigaba sokuswela. Yilokhu uSkinner akubiza ngalesi siteji ngeminyaka yama-30s. Kodwa-ke, manje lesi sigaba kufanele sibizwe ngokuthi "isiteji sokukhetha nokudala isidingo esiyisisekelo."
Lapho wenza i-operant conditioned reflex, cishe zonke izidingo ezaziwa yizinja zingasetshenziswa, kodwa u-Skinner wasebenzisa isidingo sokudla kaningi. Futhi incazelo yesigaba sokuncisha kwakuwukuthi u-Skinner wayezondla izilwane isikhashana, noma azilambele. Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi ukuqinisa ukudla kwaba okubalulekile esilwaneni kuphela futhi kuphumelela ekufundeni lapho lesi silwane silahlekelwa cishe u-20% wesisindo saso esiphilayo. O, izikhathi, oh imikhuba!
Isiteji sokwakheka kokuqiniswa kokudla okunesimo. Ocwaningweni lwakhe, u-Skinner wasebenzisa okuphakelayo okuzenzakalelayo, umsindo okwakufanele ube uphawu ezilwaneni ukuze kubonakale i-pellet yokudla. Futhi lokhu kwathatha isikhathi. Isiteji sacatshangelwa ukuthi siphelile lapho, ngokuphendula umsindo we-feeder, igundane ngokushesha ligijimela emfundweni.
Eqinisweni, lesi sigaba siwukwakheka kwe-reflex yomsindo we-classical conditioned ngokuqiniswa kokudla. Iphinde isebenze njengesisekelo salokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqeqeshwa kokuchofoza - indlela yokuqeqesha esebenzisa ukudla okunesimo esizwakalayo okuqiniswayo okuhle.
Futhi kufanele sivume ukuthi isikole sokuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo sihlukanisa kahle nokuqeqeshwa kwendabuko kwasekhaya ngokunaka ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi okukhokhela endabeni yokuqinisa. Ikakhulukazi ukuqinisa okuhle nokungenzeka.
Isiteji sokwakheka kokusabela. Njengokuziphatha okuyisibonelo, u-Skinner waqeqesha amagundane akhe ukuthi acindezele i-pedal kanye namajuba akhe ukuze akhombe ukhiye. Ukwakheka kokusabela kokucindezela i-pedal kwenziwa ngenye yezindlela ezintathu: ngokuzama nangephutha (ukwakheka okuzenzakalelayo), ngokubunjwa okuqondisiwe noma okulandelanayo nangendlela eqondiwe.
Ukwakheka okuzenzakalelayo kwakuhlanganisa ukuthi isilwane, sihamba ngebhokisi le-Skinner, sacindezela i-pedal ngephutha futhi kancane kancane sahlobanisa ukusicindezela nokufakwa kokuphakelayo okuzenzakalelayo.
Ngesikhathi sokubunjwa kokuqondisa, umcwaningi wavula i-automatic feeder, waqala waqinisa noma yikuphi ukuma ngase-pedal, wabe esesondela kuyo, futhi ekugcineni wayicindezela. Kungani ungaqeqeshelwa ukuchofoza!
Futhi indlela okuhloswe ngayo yayiwukuthi i-pellet yokudla yayinamathiselwe kukhiye, imizamo yokuyidabula yaholela ekucindezeleni i-lever.
Indlela yesimanje yokuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo yokuqalisa ukuziphatha okufunayo ivumela ukusetshenziswa cishe kwazo zonke izindlela ezaziwayo zokuthonya isilwane. Kodwa-ke, kubhekwa njengokungasebenzi kahle ukusebenzisa i-aversive (okuholela ebuhlungwini noma ekungaphatheki kahle).
Ukuletha ukuziphatha ngaphansi kokulawulwa kokuvuselela noma ukwethula isisusa esihlukanisayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwethulwa kwesikhuthazo esinesimo noma umyalo.
U-Skinner nabasekeli bakhe bakholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwesenzo kanye nokuthuthukiswa okufanayo okufanayo kokuxhumana kwayo nesisusa esinesimo (umyalo) kuyizinqubo ezimbili ezihlukene. Futhi ukulinganisa ngesikhathi esisodwa kwezinto ezimbili ezihlukene kwenza ukufunda kube nzima. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzi bendabuko baqala ukwenza indlela yokuziphatha, bese befaka umyalo.
Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ekufundeni okusebenzayo, isikhuthazo esihlukanisayo ngokuvamile akuwona umyalo ekuqondeni kwethu. Iqembu lifana ne-oda, akunjalo? Ngokuvamile sikuhumusha ngale ndlela. Isisusa esihlukanisayo siwulwazi okwamanje ukwenzeka kokuziphatha okusebenza kahle kakhulu futhi okunokwenzeka ngokujwayelekile. Ngakho, "umyalo" ekuqeqesheni okusebenzayo unomsebenzi wokuvumela nokuvumela ukuziphatha ukuba kwenziwe.
Ukuze sikwenze kucace kakhudlwana, ake sihlaziye ukwethulwa kwelambu lokukhanya esivivinyweni njengesisusa esihlukanisayo. Ngakho-ke, igundane selifunde ukucindezela i-pedal bese liyicindezela lapho lifuna ukudla. Umcwaningi ukhanyisa isibani imizuzwana embalwa futhi adale izimo lapho ukucindezela i-pedal kuphela lapho ukukhanya kukhanya kuholela ekuphakeleni kokuphakelayo. Futhi lapho ukukhanya kucisha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucindezela kangakanani, uzoba nenhlanganisela yeminwe emithathu! Okungukuthi, ukufakwa kwesibani sokukhanya kudala, kuhlukanise, kuhlukanise, kuhlukanise izimo ezihlukene. Futhi igundane ngokushesha liqala ukuqonda. Futhi njengoba efuna ngempela ukudla (unesidingo sokudla!), Khona-ke, lapho ebona isibani sikhanya, ngokushesha agijimele ku-pedal, awucindezele! Ngaphandle, kubonakala sengathi isibani esikhanyisayo senza igundane, liyale ukuthi licindezele i-pedal. Kodwa manje niyaqonda ukuthi akunjalo. Uma ukukhanya kukhanya, kuthi: Manje ungacindezela i-pedal. Kodwa kuphela!
Ukuqinisa ukuziphatha. Ukuhlanganiswa kokuziphatha okwenziwe ekhonweni kwenziwa ngokuphindaphinda kusetshenziswa ukuqinisa okungenzeka. Kuyasiza futhi ukusebenzisa izidingo ezihlukene zalokhu futhi, ngokufanele, ukusebenzisa ukuqinisa okuhlukile.
Inguqulo yasekhaya yendlela yokusebenza yokuqeqeshwa, evela ku-Vladimir Durov, ihluke kuphela ngokuthi ikuvumela ukuthi wethule ngokushesha i-stimulus ephezulu (umyalo, ukuhlukanisa umehluko, ukuvuselela okunesimo). Ukuzijwayeza kukhombisa ukuthi ikhono lakheka kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo olungenisiwe. Futhi njengoba ikuvumela ukuqeda isinyathelo sonke, kusindisa isikhathi. Ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukusekela umenzi wasekhaya wamasu okuqeqesha!