Izintuthwane eziyi-10 ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni

Izintuthwane ziyingxenye yomndeni wezinambuzane ezihlala ngamaqembu amakhulu. Banama-castes amaningana: abesifazane abanamaphiko nabesilisa, abasebenzi abangenamaphiko. Izindawo zabo zokuhlala zibizwa ngokuthi izintuthwane. Bazakhela emhlabathini, ngaphansi kwamatshe, ngokhuni.

Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-14 zezintuthwane, ezinye zazo ezihlukile ngobukhulu bazo. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-260 zingatholakala ezweni lethu. Bahlala kuwo wonke umhlaba ngaphandle kwase-Iceland, e-Antarctica naseGreenland.

Izintuthwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni zibonakala zincane futhi zingabalulekile kithi, kodwa indima yazo ekuphileni kweplanethi inkulu. Zisiza ukulawula inani lezinambuzane eziwuhlupho. Zisetshenziselwa ukudla. Lezi zinambuzane zixega futhi zivundise umhlabathi, zandise umkhiqizo ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo.

10 I-Nothomyrmecia macrops, 5-7 мм

Uhlobo lwezintuthwane ezisakudala kakhulu ezihlala e-Australia. Yaqala ukutholwa ngo-1931, echazwe ngo-1934. Uhambo oluningana lososayensi bazama ukuthola abameleli balolu hlobo lwezilwane ukuze bafunde ngokuningiliziwe, kodwa abakwazanga ukukwenza. Baphinde batholwa ngo-1977.

I-Nothomyrmecia macrops zithathwa njengezintuthwane ezinosayizi omaphakathi, ezisukela ngobude zisuka ku-9,7 ziye ku-11 mm. Banemindeni emincane, ehlanganisa abasebenzi abasuka ku-50 kuya ku-100. Zidla ama-arthropods kanye nokukhishwa okumnandi kwezinambuzane ezinama-homopterous.

Bakhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezipholile zaseNingizimu Australia, emahlathini e-eucalyptus. Izimbobo zokungena ezidlekeni zincane kakhulu, azikho ngaphezu kuka-4-6 mm ububanzi, ngakho kunzima ukuzibona, ngaphandle kwezindunduma namadiphozi enhlabathi afihlwe ngaphansi kwemfucumfucu yamaqabunga.

9. I-Myrmecocystus, i-10-13 мм

Lolu hlobo lwentuthwane luhlala ezindaweni eziwugwadule e-United States naseMexico. Zingaba phuzi ngokuphaphathekile noma zibemnyama. Zingabohlobo lwezintuthwane zoju, ezineqembu lezisebenzi ezinokudla okune-carbohydrate ewuketshezi ezitshalweni ezivuvukele. Lezi okuthiwa yimigqomo yezintuthwane.

I-Myrmecocystus abantu bendawo basebenzisa ukudla. AmaNdiya aseMexico abamba futhi adle izintuthwane eziyizisebenzi ezinesisu esigcwele, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “imiphongolo yoju“. Ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, azikwazi nhlobo ukunyakaza futhi zicashe ophahleni lwamagumbi ezidleke ezijulile. Ubukhulu - kusuka ku-8-9 mm kwabesilisa, kuya ku-13-15 mm kwabesifazane, kanti abantu abasebenzayo bancane nakakhulu - 4,5 - 9 mm.

8. I-Cephalotes, 3-14 mm

Igama lale ntuthwane lingahunyushwa ngokuthi “umunwe wekhanda eliphansi“. Bangatholakala eNingizimu neMelika Ephakathi. Lezi izintuthwane zokhuni, ezinemindeni eminingi. Bangakwazi kusukela kweshumi nambili abasebenzi ukuze 10 ayizinkulungwane.

Zincamela ukuhlala ezihlahleni noma ezihlahleni, eziphasejini nasemigodini edliwa ezinye izinambuzane. Uma ziwa ngephutha zisuka egatsheni, zingangena ngepharashuthi esiqwini sesitshalo esifanayo. Ziyingxenye yezintuthwane ezingenalo ulaka ezingahlala nezinye izinambuzane kulo mndeni.

Zidla i-carrion, umpe oluqhakaza kakhulu, kanye nempova yezitshalo. Ngezinye izikhathi zitholakala kushukela kanye nemithombo yamaprotheni, endle yezinyoni. I-Cephalotes zatholwa usosayensi oyiNgisi uF. Smith ngo-1860.

7. I-Camponotus herculeanus, 10-15 mm

Lolu hlobo lukhulu. Uyabizwa intuthwane enkulu or intuthwane enesifuba esibomvu - isikelemu. Abesifazane nabesilisa bamnyama, abanye banekhanda elimnyama nesifuba esibomvu. Omunye wemibono emikhulu yaseRussia.

Ubude bensikazi ngayinye noma amasosha bufinyelela ku-2 cm ubude. Ingatholakala cishe kuwo wonke amahlathi aseYurophu: kusukela enyakatho ye-Asia kuya entshonalanga yeSiberia. I-Camponotus herculeanus zakha izidleke zazo ngokhuni lwesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu esigulayo noma esifile, umsayiphuresi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi uphayini. Zidla izinambuzane futhi ziqoqa amazolo. Izintuthwane ngokwazo ziwukudla okuthandwayo kweziqophamithi.

6. I-Camponotus vagus, i-6-16 мм

Izinhlobo zezintuthwane ezinkulu ezingatholakala emahlathini asenyakatho ye-Asia naseYurophu. Lesi sinambuzane sasehlathini esinomzimba omnyama ocwebezelayo singesinye sezilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezilwaneni zaseRussia. Izinsikazi namasosha angakhula aze afike ku-15 mm, kodwa ubukhulu bezinye izinambuzane bungaba buncane kancane - busuka ku-6 kuya ku-17 mm.

Bakhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile zehlathi: emaphethelweni, ezindaweni ezivulekile, ukuchithwa okudala kokubili amahlathi ezihlahla zikaphayini. I-Camponotus vagus bathanda izindawo ezikhanyiswe kahle ezinomhlabathi oyisihlabathi, bahlala ngaphansi kwezinkuni ezomile, kodwa futhi bangatholakala ngaphansi kwamatshe.

Izintuthwane zabo zitholakala eziqwini, izinsalela zokhuni. Ekoloni elilodwa, kukhona abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-1 kuye kweziyi-4, inani eliphakeme labayizinkulungwane eziyi-10. Lezi izinambuzane ezinolaka nezisheshayo ezivikela isidleke sazo ngonya.

5. I-Parapopora clavate, 28-30 mm

Uhlobo lwezintuthwane ezinkulu zasezindaweni ezishisayo, igama lalo lingahunyushwa ngokuthi “intuthwane yenhlamvu“. Bahluke ezihlotsheni zabo ngoba banoshevu, ushevu wabo unamandla kunomnyovu noma wenyosi.

Indawo yokuhlala yalezi zinambuzane iMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu, ikakhulukazi amahlathi anomswakama nasendaweni eshisayo. Imindeni yezintuthwane ikhetha amahlathi asezindaweni eziphansi. i-paraporera clavate okokuqala kwachazwa isazi sezilwane saseDenmark uJohann Fabricius ngo-1775. Lezi izinambuzane ezinsundu ngokunsundu ezikhula zifike ku-18-25 mm. Emndenini owodwa kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-2,5 izinkulungwane zabantu abasebenzayo.

Iziduli zenhlabathi zitholakala phansi kwezihlahla. Kukhona cishe ikoloni elilodwa lalezi zintuthwane kumahektha amane ehlathi. Zidla ama-arthropods, umpe, oqoqwe emiqhele. Zinodosi olude (okufika ku-1 mm) kanye nobuthi obuqinile. Ubuhlungu ngemva kokulunywa buzwakala emini, ngakho lesi sinambuzane sibizwa nangokuthi “intuthwane - amahora angu-24".

4. I-Dorylus nigricans 9-30 mm

Ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika, endaweni yasehlathini, ungalubona lolu hlobo lwezintuthwane ezinsundu ngokumnyama. Zigqama ngosayizi wazo: abasebenzi - ukusuka ku-2,5 kuya ku-9 mm, amasosha - afinyelela ku-13 mm, abesilisa - 30 mm, nabesifazane afinyelela ku-50 mm.

Emkhayeni owodwa UDorylus nigricans - kufika kubantu abayizigidi ezingu-20. Lolu uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu oludla ama-arthropods aphilayo nafile, futhi lungadla izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini.

Azinazo izidleke ezihlala njalo. Emini bayanyakaza, futhi ebusuku bathola indawo yokukhosela yesikhashana. Ikholomu yokuzulazula ingafinyelela amashumi amaningana amamitha. Uma kunezithiyo endleleni, bakha "amabhuloho" emizimbeni yabo.

3. I-Camponotus gigas, 18-31 mm

Lolu olunye lwezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu lungatholakala emahlathini ashisayo aseThailand, Indonesia naseMalaysia. Ubukhulu buncike ekutheni ungumuntu onjani. Abancane kunabo bonke ngabesilisa, kusukela ku-18 kuya ku-20 mm, abasebenzi bakhudlwana kancane - kusukela ku-19 kuya ku-22 mm, amasosha - 28 -30 mm, nezindlovukazi - kusuka ku-30 ​​kuya ku-31 mm.

I-Camponotus gigas umbala omnyama. Zidla uju noshukela, izithelo, izinambuzane, nembewu ethile. Umsebenzi uboniswa ebusuku, ngezikhathi ezithile - emini. Zihlala emhlabathini, phansi kwezihlahla, ngezikhathi ezithile okhunini olubolile.

2. I-Dinoporera, 20-40 mm

Emahlathini ashisayo ePeru, eBrazil, lolu hlobo lwezintuthwane ezimnyama ezicwebezelayo luvamile. Emkhayeni owodwa UDinoponera abantu abaningi, ngezinye izikhathi - ngaphezu kwe-100.

Zidla ama-arthropods afile, imbewu, izithelo ezinoshukela, futhi zingabandakanya izibankwa, amaxoxo, namatshwele ekudleni kwazo.

Zihlala emhlabathini. Izintuthwane ezesabayo, uma zibona ingozi, zincamela ukucasha. Uma abantu abavela ezidlekeni ezihlukene behlangana, kungase kube nezimpi “zemibukiso,” kodwa ngokuvamile azifinyeleli ezimpini ezingokomzimba, ikakhulukazi ezibulalayo.

1. I-Myrmecia pavida, 30-40 mm

Babizwa ngokuthi “izintuthwane ze-bulldog“. Bahlala eNtshonalanga ye-Australia, ngezinye izikhathi ezitholakala eNingizimu Australia. Ngokuvamile okubomvu noma okubomvu-nsundu, okuwolintshi, okumnyama, okukhanyayo, okuhlabayo ngokushesha.

Zidla izinambuzane kanye noshukela. Izidleke zakhiwe ezindaweni ezomile, emhlabathini. Banodosi nobuthi obuyingozi, kuhlanganisa nabantu. Uma a UMyrmecia wayesaba ukushaya, kungabangela ukushaqeka kwe-anaphylactic. Ekoloni - kufika kubantu abangamakhulu amaningana.