I-Skeleton kanye ne-anatomy yegundane, isakhiwo sangaphakathi nokuhlelwa kwezitho

Ukuba nolwazi mayelana nezici zomzimba zamagundane ngokuvamile kuyilungelo lezazi zezilwane nodokotela bezilwane. Nokho, kuyasiza futhi kubanikazi ukwazi ukuthi iyini i-anatomy yegundane. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi uqonde ubudlelwano phakathi kokunakekelwa, ukudla okunomsoco kanye nezifo ezingase zibe khona. Futhi, ukuqonda okucacile kokuthi isilwane sakhiwe kanjani kuqinisekisa ukusabela okusheshayo kumasignali obuhlungu nokungakhululeki.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle segundane

Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okuyisisekelo kwangaphandle, inani elibalulekile lezinwele lingaphawulwa kuwo wonke umzimba. Lolu wuphawu lwalesi sigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yoboya:

• ukufakwa kwe-thermal;
• ukubamba iqhaza ekuthinteni;
• ukuvikelwa kwesikhumba ekulimaleni.

Umzimba wesilwane wakhiwe:

• amakhanda;
• intamo;
• isidumbu;
• umsila

Ikhanda lesilwane likhulu uma liqhathaniswa nomzimba. I-muzzle ikhomba, isigaba sangemuva siseduze nentamo emfushane. Ugebhezi lwegundane luhlanganisa izigaba ezi-3:

• i-parietal;
• okwesikhashana;
• i-occipital.

I-muzzle ihlukaniswe yaba:

• izisekelo zamehlo;
• ikhala;
• umlomo.

Ekupheleni kwe-muzzle kukhona ama-vibrissae - ama-bristles aklanyelwe ukuthintwa. Amagundane abonakala ngokuba khona kwe-nictitating membrane kanye nokukhanya okubomvu kwamehlo.

Ochwepheshe bahlukanisa umzimba wegundane izigaba ezi-3:

• i-dorsal-thoracic;
• i-lumbar-abdominal;
• i-sacro-gluteal.

Izitho zezilwane zineminwe emihlanu. Ezinyaweni zikhulu kunasezandleni. Izinyawo nezintende zibonakala ngokungabi bikho kwezinwele.

Umsila wamagundane uwugqinsi, ubalwa ku-85% wobude bomzimba wonke. Insikazi inomsila omude. Ingaphezulu limbozwe izindandatho ezinama-scaly namafutha aphuzi. Esikhundleni soboya, kukhona ama-bristles.

Izilwane ezinsikazi zibonakala ngamapheya angu-6 ezingono, ezimbili zazo ezisemakhwapheni, eyodwa isesifubeni kanye nezintathu esiswini. Ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokukhulelwa, zifihlwa izinwele eziwugqinsi. Ubulili begundane bunqunywa ngokuhlola umhlane: kwabesifazane, i-rump inesimo sikanxantathu, kanti kwabesilisa ihluke ngesimo se-cylinder.

Abesilisa abavuthiwe ngokocansi bangafinyelela isisindo esingama-400 g. Abesifazane bancane kakhulu.

Uhlaka lwamathambo egundane

Uhlelo lwamathambo esilwane luqukethe izingxenye zethambo ne-cartilaginous, futhi luhlanganisa amathambo angu-264 ezinhlobonhlobo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. I-cranium inomumo obude. Kunezigaba eziningana zomgogodla:

• isibeletho;
• isifuba;
• sacral.

Ingxenye ye-vertebral ku-skeleton yegundane ibonakala ngamadiski angaphezu kweshumi nambili.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uhlaka lwe-rodent lubukeka luhluke ngokuphelele kunesistimu yamathambo omuntu, ososayensi abaningi bathi lapho welula umgogodla, ikhophi encishisiwe yomuntu ngamunye izotholakala, kuze kube yilapho kufana nendawo yamathambo ngamanye.

Indawo yezitho zangaphakathi

I-atlas ye-anatomical futhi yazisa ngokuthi ukuhlelwa okujwayelekile kwezitho zangaphakathi zegundane kubukeka kanjani.

Lolu lwazi lungatholakala ngokubuka uma kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu segundane. Ngemuva kokuqala kwenqubo, i-diaphragm ivula kuqala, ehlukanisa izifunda ze-thoracic nesisu.

Ngaphansi kwe-diaphragm kunesibindi segundane. Ibomvu ngokugqamile futhi ivala kancane isisu esimise okwepheya.

Ngezansi, i-volumetric mass ye-intestinal tract iyavuleka. Imbozwe nge-omentum - isitho sokuqoqwa kwamafutha ezilwane.

Isici esiphawulekayo salolu hlobo lwamagundane ukungabi khona kwe-gallbladder. I-bile inikezwa ngomgudu osuka esibindini uye ngqo ku-duodenum.

Kodwa amagundane anobende olude, olutholakala kwesokunxele sesisu. Uma amathumbu ekhishwa emgodini wesisu, khona-ke izinso ezimise okwebhontshisi zitholakala phansi. Zitholakala nge-asymmetrically - esokunxele sijule ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesisu. Ama-ureters aholela esinyeni esingaphansi kwesisu. Amasende abesilisa kanye nezitho zokuzala eziyinkimbinkimbi zamagundane wesifazane nazo zikhona lapho.

I-vascular system iboniswa ngokucacile yi-vena cava ephansi yokuphuma kwegazi enhliziyweni evela ezingxenyeni ze-peritoneum. Iphinde ithole i-aorta, edingekayo ukuze kutholakale igazi eligcwele ezithweni zangemuva.

Lapho uhlola isifuba sesifuba, i-pair of pink lung kanye nenhliziyo enezitsha ezinkulu ibonakala ngokushesha. Amaphaphu alenga ngokukhululekile ku-bronchi, futhi awanamathele esifubeni. Ukujula komminzo, oxhuma umsipha nesisu.

Lapho ufunda isakhiwo sangaphakathi segundane, kubalulekile ukukhumbula isitho esinjengobuchopho. Njengezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo, ineminyango eminingana ebhekele ukusebenza kwengqondo. Ochwepheshe bahlukanisa ubuchopho begundane zibe izingxenye ezingu-4, ngayinye enesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo avela ku-physiology

Odokotela bezilwane kanye nezazi zezinto eziphilayo, befunda isakhiwo se-anatomical kanye ne-physiological yegundane, baphawule amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo:

• izifundo eziningi zaselabhorethri ngamagundane zichazwa ngokufana kwe-physiology yamagundane nabantu;
• izilwane azinawo amathoni nezithupha;
• abantu besilisa banezicubu zokwakheka kwezindlala zebele, kodwa azikho izingono ngisho besebancane;
• abesifazane banepipi elingenalutho elingasetshenziselwa ukuchama;
• kumagundane, amaphaphu angakwesokudla nakwesokunxele anesakhiwo esihlukile. Kweyokuqala kukhona amasheya angu-4, kanti okwesibili - eyodwa kuphela;
• amagundane ane-appendix, ngezinye izikhathi edidaniswa nesimila sangaphakathi esiqhumayo;
• ngokungafani nabantu namakati, amagundane angama-albino awahlushwa izinkinga zokuzwa;
• ukuchayeka kwe-ultrasonic kunikeza amagundane ukungakhululeki, kodwa angase akubekezelele;
• amagundane awanazo izindebe emilonyeni yawo. Kunalokho, kwakheka igebe eligoqiwe ngaphezu komhlathi ongezansi;
• owesilisa uchitha imizuzwana emi-2 ekuvundiseni, ngakho ukugcina abantu abathandana nobulili obuhlukile ekhejini elilodwa kuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwenzalo.

Okubalulekile! Umkhawulo wobuhlungu wamagundane uphakeme kakhulu, isilwane sinikeza isignali mayelana nokuba khona kobuhlungu kuphela ngezimpawu ezinzima kakhulu. Lokhu kuholela ekuxilongeni kaningi sekwephuzile kwama-pathologies angathi sína, ngakho-ke abanikazi bezilwane akufanele badebeselele ukuhlolwa kokuvikela kwezilwane ezifuywayo.