Inja imkhumbula kanjani umuntu?

Kunzima kakhulu kumuntu onesilwane esifuywayo ukuthi acabange impilo yakhe ngaphandle kwalo mngane omuhle onemilenze emine. Kodwa inkumbulo yabo ihlelwa kanjani futhi ingabe izinja zikhumbula abanikazi bazo bangaphambili?

Yiqiniso, ososayensi kusadingeka benze ucwaningo oluningi kulokhu, kodwa namuhla sekuvele kukhona idatha ethile enkumbulo yezinja.

Kunini zikhumbula izinja

Ukuthi izinja zinezinkumbulo zesikhathi esidlule sekuvele kufakazelwe. Nokho, abacwaningi abakayifundisisi yonke imininingwane, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi izilwane ezifuywayo zizikhumbula kahle kangakanani izinto ezithile.

“Ziningi izinganekwane mayelana nenkumbulo yezinja, kodwa luncane kakhulu ucwaningo olwenziwayo okwamanje,” kusho u-Adam Miklosi, inhloko yomnyango we-ethology e-Eötvös Lorand University eHungary, esihlokweni se-Dog Fancy.

Ngenhlanhla, ucwaningo ngenkumbulo ye-canine luyaqhubeka, kufaka phakathi i-Duke Canine Cognitive Research Centre e-Duke University, efuna izimpendulo zemibuzo elandelayo: Imaphi amasu okuqonda izinja ezisebenzisayo ukuqonda noma ukukhumbula izenzakalo? Ingabe zonke izinja ziyaqonda futhi zikhumbula izenzakalo ngendlela efanayo? Ingabe kukhona umehluko wesistimu phakathi kwezinhlobo? Impendulo yanoma yimuphi wale mibuzo ingaholela ekutholweni okumangazayo.

Izinhlobo zenkumbulo ezinjeni

Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwedatha yolwazi yokuthi ubuchopho benja “buzikhumbula” kanjani ngempela izehlakalo, lapho uzama ukuphendula umbuzo othi “Ingabe inja iyamkhumbula umnikazi wayo?” umbuzo omuhle wokulandela kungaba: "Ungathola kanjani?" 

Izinja ziyizilwane zokuhlola ezinhle kakhulu, ezivumela ochwepheshe ukuthi bakhiphe ulwazi olusekelwe emaphethini abo okuziphatha.

Izinja zaziwa ngokuthi zihlakaniphe kakhulu, kodwa alukakenziwa ucwaningo olwanele ukuze kuhlolwe umehluko kumthamo wenkumbulo phakathi kwezinhlobo. Ngokuvamile, izinja zibonisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamakhono okuqonda, kuhlanganise nalokhu okulandelayo:

Memory

Izilwane ezifuywayo zinenkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. “Izinja zikhohlwa isenzakalo phakathi nemizuzu emibili,” ngokweNational Geographic, ecaphuna ucwaningo olwenziwa ngo-2014 ngezilwane ezisukela kumagundane nezinyosi. Ezinye izilwane, njengamahlengethwa, zinenkumbulo yesikhathi eside. Kodwa izinja azibonakali zinenkumbulo ehlala isikhathi eside kunaleyo mizuzu emibili.

Inkumbulo ye-Associative ne-episodic

Naphezu kokuntuleka komthamo wenkumbulo, izinja zinamandla kwezinye izinhlobo zenkumbulo, kuhlanganise ne-associative kanye ne-episodic.

Inkumbulo ehlangene iyindlela yobuchopho yokwenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwezenzakalo ezimbili noma izinto. Isibonelo, kungaba nzima ukufaka ikati kumuntu ophethe ngoba uhlobanisa nokuvakashela udokotela wezilwane. Futhi inja ibona intambo futhi iyazi ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuhamba ngezinyawo.

Inkumbulo ye-Episodic inkumbulo yento ethile eyenzeka kuwe uqobo futhi ihlotshaniswa nokuzazi.

Kuze kube muva nje, bekucatshangwa ukuthi abantu kuphela nezinye izilwane ezinezinkumbulo ze-episodic. Ubufakazi benganekwane buphakamise ukuthi izinja zinalo leli khono, kodwa ucwaningo oluyisisekelo olwenziwe yi-Current Biology lunikeze “ubufakazi benkumbulo ye-episodic ezinjeni.” Iqembu lososayensi laqeqesha izinja ukuba zingaphenduli emiyalweni efana nokuthi “phansi” kodwa “zenze lokhu.”

Ngokusho kwedatha ethile, ukuqeqeshwa kwezinja ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhono athuthukile okuqonda kuseduze. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo yezinja esidumile kanye nombhali uDkt. Stanley Coren wabhalela i-Psychology Today ukuthi wake waxoxa nendoda okwathi, ngemva kokulahlekelwa inkumbulo yesikhashana ngenxa yokulimala okubuhlungu ebuchosheni ebuntwaneni, yathembela enja yosizo ukuze imsize ” ngezinkumbulo ezintsha zesiqephu. Ngokwesibonelo, isilwane sasekhaya samtshela ukuthi upake kuphi imoto yakhe.

Inja imkhumbula isikhathi esingakanani umnikazi wangaphambilini?

Okutholakele kusekela umbono wokuthi izilwane zingakhumbula abanikazi bazo bangaphambili, kodwa ukuthi zibakhumbula kanjani ngokunembile namanje akwaziwa. Isibonelo, inja ehlale ezimweni ezinzima ingase ihlobanise imizwa engemihle noma ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo nezinto ezithile noma izindawo. 

Kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi izinja zikhumbula abanikazi bazo lapho zihamba, futhi zijabule ngendlela emangalisayo lapho zibuyela ekhaya.

Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi isilwane esifuywayo silangazelela omunye umndeni. Uma uzungeza inja yakho ngesimo sothando nokunakekelwa, izokujabulela ukuhlala okwamanje futhi ujabulele ukuba sekhaya lakhe elisha elihlala njalo.