Ukufuya izinja: lapho indoda ithambisa inja

Emidwebo esemadwaleni eSaudi Arabia, yangenkulungwane yesi-9 BC. e., usungabona izithombe zendoda enenja. Ingabe lena imidwebo yokuqala futhi yiziphi izinkolelo-mbono mayelana nemvelaphi yezilwane ezifuywayo?

Njengomlando wokufuywa kwamakati, akukavunyelwana ngokuthi izinja zafuywa nini nokuthi kwenzeka kanjani. Njengoba nje kungekho datha ethembekile kumadlozi ezinja zesimanje. 

Indawo yokuzalwa yezinja zokuqala ezifuywayo

Ochwepheshe abakwazi ukunquma indawo ethile yokufuywa kwezinja, njengoba kwenzeka yonke indawo. Izinsalela zezinja eduze nezindawo zabantu zitholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. 

Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1975, isazi se-paleontology u-ND Ovodov sathola izinsalela zenja yasekhaya eSiberia eduze nezintaba zase-Altai. Iminyaka yalezi zinsalela ilinganiselwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-33-34. E-Czech Republic, kwatholakala izinsalela ezineminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-24 ubudala.

Umsuka wenja yesimanje

Izazi-mlando zichaza imibono emibili yemvelaphi yezilwane ezifuywayo - i-monophyletic ne-polyphyletic. Abasekeli benkolelo-mbono ye-monophyletic bayaqiniseka ukuthi inja yavela impisi yasendle. Ingxabano eyinhloko yabasekeli balo mbono ukuthi ukwakheka kwe-skull nokubukeka kwezinja zezinhlobo eziningi kunokufana okuningi nezimpisi.

I-polyphyletic theory ithi izinja zavela ngenxa yokuwela izimpisi nezimpungushe, izimpungushe noma izimpungushe. Abanye ochwepheshe bancike emsuka wezinhlobo ezithile zezimpungushe. 

Kukhona nenguqulo evamile: usosayensi wase-Austria u-Konrad Lorenz ushicilele i-monograph ethi izinja ziphuma kuzo zombili izimpisi nezimpungushe. Ngokusho kwesazi sezilwane, zonke izinhlobo zingahlukaniswa zibe "impisi" kanye "nezimpungushe".

UCharles Darwin wayekholelwa ukuthi yizimpisi ezaba okhokho bezinja. Encwadini yakhe ethi “The Origin of Species”, wabhala: “Ukukhethwa kwazo [izinja] kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nesimiso sokwenziwa, amandla ayinhloko okukhethwa kwakungabantu ababethumba amawundlu ezimpisi emphandwini bese bewathambisa.”

Ukufuywa kokhokho basendle bezinja akuzange kuthonye ukuziphatha kwazo kuphela, kodwa nokubukeka kwazo. Isibonelo, abantu ngokuvamile babefuna ukugcina isikhundla sezindlebe zesilwane silenga, njengasemidlwaneni, ngakho-ke bakhetha abantu abaningi abancane.

Ukuhlala eduze komuntu nakho kwaba nomthelela kumbala wamehlo ezinja. Izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ngokuvamile zinamehlo akhanyayo njengoba zizingela ebusuku. Isilwane, esiseduze komuntu, sasivame ukuhola indlela yokuphila yasemini, okwaholela ekubeni mnyama kwe-iris. Abanye ososayensi bachaza izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezinja zanamuhla ngokuwela okuhlobene eduze nokukhethwa okwengeziwe ngabantu. 

Umlando wokufuywa kwezinja

Embuzweni wokuthi inja yafuywa kanjani, ochwepheshe nabo banemibono emibili. Ngokokuqala, umuntu wamane wathambisa impisi, futhi ngokwesibili, wayifuya. 

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi umuntu wayethatha amawundlu empisi aye nawo emzini wakhe, ngokwesibonelo, impisi eyinsikazi efile, awafuye futhi awakhulise. Kodwa ochwepheshe besimanje bathambekele kakhulu embonweni wesibili - imfundiso yokuziphilisa. Ngokusho kwakhe, izilwane ngokuzimela zaqala ukubethela ezindaweni zabantu basendulo. Isibonelo, laba kungaba abantu abangabodwana abanqatshelwe iphakethe. Babengadingi nje kuphela ukuhlasela umuntu, kodwa futhi bathole ukwethenjwa ukuze bahlale eduze kwakhe. 

Ngakho, ngokwemibono yanamuhla, inja yazithambisa. Lokhu kuyaphinda kuqinisekisa ukuthi yinja engumngane weqiniso womuntu.

Bona futhi:

• Zingaki izinhlobo zezinja ezikhona?
• Izici nezici zabalingiswa bezinja - kumakilasi ayisikhombisa ezinhlobo
• Canine Genetics: Nutrigenomics kanye Amandla Epigenetics
• Izibonelo ezicacile zobuqotho bezinja