“Ihhashi elisefilimini lihlale liwumphumela okhethekile”

Ingulube yensikazi i-Sally Gardner, eyake yagabavula “kukhamera”, yaphumelela kanjani kusukela ekuthwebuleni kuya e-cinema? Kungani uSpielberg engumuntu futhi uTarkovsky engeyena? UGandalf ufana ngani no-Odin, namahhashi anamadragoni? Sixoxe no-Anton Dolin ngendima edlalwa ihhashi ebhayisikobho.

izithombe ezihambayo

Ngo-1878, umthwebuli wezithombe waseMelika u-Edward Muybridge, owayethunywe umfuyi wamahhashi u-Leland Stanford, wenza uchungechunge lwezinkomba zekhadi elithi "Horse in Motion" (Ihhashi Elihambayo). Inkomba ngayinye yamakhadi inezithombe eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nambili zokulandelana kwezikhathi ezibonisa ukunyakaza kwehhashi. Uchungechunge oluthi “Sally Gardner at a gallop” lwathola udumo emhlabeni wonke. Izithombe zanyatheliswa kuyi-Scientific American ngo-Okthoba 19, 1878.

Ngokwenguqulo evamile, uStanford waphikisana nabangane bakhe ukuthi ngesikhathi sokugabavula kunezikhathi lapho ihhashi lingathinti phansi nanoma yiziphi izinselo. Kwacaca ezithombeni ukuthi yonke imilenze emine ayithinti phansi ngesikhathi esifanayo, nakuba lokhu kwenzeka kuphela lapho izitho "ziqoqwe" ngaphansi komzimba, futhi "zinganwetshiwe" emuva naphambili, njengoba kuboniswe ezithombeni.

Emphakathini womhlaba wamaciko ezilwane, lesi siphetho senza umsindo omkhulu.

Umphumela womsebenzi kaMuybridge wenza kube nokwenzeka ukwenza isinyathelo esikhulu ekuqondeni i-biomechanics yokunyakaza kwamahhashi, futhi kwakubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-cinema.

U-Anton Dolin ungumhlaziyi wefilimu, umhleli oyinhloko wephephabhuku i-Art of Cinema, umlobi we-Meduza, umbhali wezincwadi ezikhuluma nge-cinema.

Ukuhlolwa kuka-Edward Muybridge, owathwebula ihhashi lapho egabavula, kwaba neqhaza elikhulu ekudwebeni nasekucwaningweni kwe-biomechanics yokunyakaza kwamahhashi. Futhi ikuphi ukubaluleka kwakhe ekufikeni kwecinema? Kungenzeka yini ukubiza lokho okwenzeka okokuqala emlandweni we-cinema?

Ngingayibiza ngokuthi "protokino" noma "prakino". Ngokuvamile, umlando wokuvela kwe-cinema ungabalwa kakade kusukela ku-rock art, kusukela ku-Platonic Myth of the Cave, kusukela kumasiko wezithombe zaseByzantine (ukuphila kwabangcwele - kungani kungenjalo ibhodi lezindaba?). Lena imizamo yokubonisa ukunyakaza nevolumu, umzamo wokukopisha impilo ngaphandle kokuyehlisela ekumeleleni okuhleliwe. Kuyacaca ukuthi ukuthwebula izithombe kwasondela ngangokunokwenzeka kulokhu, futhi singasho ukuthi lapho kuvela ama-daguerreotypes okuqala, kwase kuyisikhathi sokusungulwa kwe-cinema - "yakhulelwa", futhi le "embryo" yaqala ukukhula. Isikhathi sokuzalwa, njengoba sazi, siphinde siphikiswe izazi-mlando ezihlukahlukene. Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaMuybridge kuphakathi ncamashi phakathi kwezithombe nesinema. Lapho izithombe eziningi ezithathwe ngokulandelana zidlulisa umnyakazo, sibona ukubonakala kwefilimu eqoshwe ezinhlakeni.

Ukuze kuboniswe lokho kunyakaza okufanayo, kwakudingeka isithombe esiqondakalayo. Okwesinema, kwakuyisitimela, kamuva imoto njengomfanekiso wenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe. Yiqiniso, ihhashi lihlala nomuntu isikhathi eside, kodwa umsebenzi walo ufana ncamashi - ukusheshisa ukunyakaza. Ngakho-ke, akukhona nje ukuqondana ukuthi naye waba uphawu lwale nqubo.

I-Circus ne-Wild West

Abantu baseNtshonalanga abanawo wonke ama-canon abo okubukwayo abakwazi ukucabanga ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwamahhashi. Sitshele ukuthi lolu hlobo lwazalwa kanjani.

Yonke inganekwane yaseWild West yakhiwe ekugibeleni amahhashi, ukujaha nokushushiswa. Lapho intshonalanga iyeka ukuba yindle, amasiko okugibela ama-cowboy aphenduka imibukiso (ama-rodeos, isibonelo, ukuzijabulisa okujwayelekile kwesixuku). Ukubaluleka kwehhashi ekuthuthukisweni komhlaba kulahlekile, kodwa umbukwane wamasiko endawo yamahhashi usekhona, nawo oye wathuthela ebhayisikobho. Ungakhohlwa, i-cinema ukuphela kwendlela yobuciko eyazalelwa embukisweni. Ngokungafani nawo wonke umuntu onezimpande zenkolo.

Ukubaluleka kwesinema njengombukwane kwazwiwa kahle nguGeorges Méliès, umlingisi wesekisi owaba umqondisi nomsunguli wemiphumela yokuqala ekhethekile. Umqondo wokukhangwa ubaluleke kakhulu kulobu buciko.

Umcabango othakazelisayo: ihhashi liyingxenye yesekisi, futhi isekisi liyimanduleli e-cinema. Ngakho-ke, amahhashi angena emuvi.

Ngokungangabazeki. Thatha noma iyiphi ifilimu yesekisi, kusukela ku-Tod Browning's Freaks noma ku-Circus ka-Charlie Chaplin kuya ku-Wim Wenders' Sky Over Berlin noma i-Dumbo ka-Tim Burton, amahhashi azohlala ekhona. Ihhashi eligijima liyindilinga liyingxenye ebalulekile yesimo sesekisi, lesi simangaliso esenziwe umuntu. Ngale nkulumo, asikwazi ukuchaza kuphela isekisi, kodwa futhi ne-cinema.

Uma kunamahhashi amaningi ohlakeni, futhi lapho ishuthwa ngokushintshashintshayo, ingabe iba uhlobo lomphumela okhethekile?

Amahhashi kumamuvi ahlala enomphumela okhethekile, hhayi kuphela uma eningi. Kungenzeka ukuthi ayizange ibonakale ngale ndlela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ngawo-1920 no-1930, kodwa esikhathini sangemva kwempi, kumuntu ohlala edolobheni elivamile, ihhashi nomgibeli baba nomphumela okhethekile. I-Cinema, ngemuva kwakho konke, ngokuyinhloko ubuciko basemadolobheni. Ukugibela nokuba nezikhali ze-melee kungamakhono angasho lutho. Basuke beqhela ngisho namakhono adingekayo kubadlali njengoba kwakunjalo, bese beba yizivela kwamanye amazwe.

Cishe omunye wemibukiso ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu ehambisana namahhashi ebhayisikobho indawo enkulu yomjaho wezinqola efilimini yango-1959 ethi Ben Hur ...

Yebo, kumnandi lokhu! Ungakhohlwa - akekho ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX owabona umjaho wangempela wezinqola bukhoma. Ungafunda ngakho, ukubone kumafrescoes asendulo nama-bas-relief, kepha lokhu akunikezi umbono wokuthi le miqhudelwano ibibukeka kanjani. Futhi ku-"Ben-Hur" wonke umbukiso waboniswa ukunyakaza. Futhi futhi - ukukhanga okungakaze kube khona. Ngaleyo minyaka, i-cinema kakade, yebo, yasebenzisa imiphumela, kodwa kuze kufike i-SGI (Silicon Graphics, Inc - inkampani yaseMelika ngenxa yokuthi ihluzo zekhompiyutha zaqala ukusetshenziswa e-cinema - ed.), Ibona okuthile esikrinini. , izethameli zazikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuyenzeka ngempela. Mayelana nomthelela wayo kumuntu, icishe ifane nesekisi elifanayo.

Kancane mayelana ne-humanism

E-Ben-Hur, amahhashi nawo ahlanganiswa emdlalweni we-dramaturgy. Abaseyona nje imfanelo yomlando - amahhashi anendima yawo.

Uyini umphumela omkhulu wehhashi? Ngoba ungumuntu ophilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuxhumene kakhulu ngokomzwelo nomuntu. Ihhashi linesimilo nesimo, linesiphetho salo. Uma ihhashi lifa, siyakhala. Kukhona mhlawumbe izidalwa ezimbili ezinjalo eduze komuntu - inja nehhashi. U-Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, ongomunye wababhali abaphambili abalolonge izimiso zokuziphatha zekhulu lesi-XNUMX, wenza isenzo esibalulekile, wabhala uKholstomer, lapho ukugxila kobuntu kususwa kumuntu kuye esilwaneni. Okusho ukuthi, ihhashi manje akulona nje ithuluzi elihle lokuhamba emkhathini, liphinde libe umngane wakho nomngane wakho, umlingani wakho, isisho se-"Mina" yakho. Efilimu ethi "Ama-Comrades Amabili Ayekhonza", kusobala ukuthi ku-Vysotsky iqhawe ihhashi liphindwe kabili, i-alter ego. Hhayi nje umngane, kodwa umuntu odabukisayo. Ngakho-ke, ebona ukuthi ihhashi ligijima kanjani ngemva komkhumbi, lizibulala, lizidubula. Lesi, ngokuvamile, isigameko esivela kwenye inoveli ye-gothic, lapho iqhawe lidubula khona kabili, futhi lona ngokwalo liwa lifile.

Ngesimo sengqondo somuntu esilwaneni, umuntu angahlulela isimilo sakhe...

Kunjalo! Uma sibuka owaseNtshonalanga futhi singakaqondi ukuthi ubani omuhle nokuthi ubani omubi, kunomthetho ocacile osebenza njalo: bheka inja elahlekile ohlakeni. Iqhawe lizobhekana kanjani naye? Uma eshaya, uyisikhohlakali, uma eshaya, muhle.

Amahhashi ahlatshelwe ukubukwa cishe ahlukunyezwe inqubo yokuthwebula ifilimu ngendlela engakaze ibonwe: ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuwa nokulimala ezinkundleni zempi. Ngokusobala, ngesinye isikhathi, umphakathi waba nesithakazelo kulokho okusele ngemuva kwezigcawu, waqala ukwenza izimangalo ngokumelene nemboni yefilimu, futhi inkulumo edumile yavela ku-credits "Azikho izilwane ezalinyazwa ngesikhathi sokuqopha."

Yebo, kunjalo, lokhu kuyintuthuko yemvelo yomphakathi. Mhlawumbe eminyakeni engu-20-30 amabutho ezombusazwe anethonya elikhulu emhlabeni kuyoba yilawo avikela amalungelo ezilwane. I-Cinema iwumfanekiso womphakathi, njenganoma yimuphi ubuciko. Ekhuluma ngonya ohlakeni, uTarkovsky nefilimu yakhe ethi "Andrei Rublev" efika engqondweni ngokushesha.

Lapho esiqeshini sokuhlasela kweHorde, ihhashi lishayelwa esitebhisini sokhuni, futhi liwela ngomhlane ukusuka ekuphakameni kwamamitha angama-2-3 ...

UTarkovsky wayengumculi nesazi sefilosofi, kodwa ngokusobala wayengeyena umuntu. Ngokusobala, lapha waphula ngamabomu ukuxhumana nesiko lesintu lezincwadi zesiRashiya. Akanasihawu hhayi ezilwaneni kuphela, kodwa nakubantu. Kodwa lesi sihluku akusona isici esivamile se-cinema njengoba enjalo, kungenxa kanembeza wakhe.

Ama-CinemaCentaurs

Ufanekiselani umgibeli wehhashi?

Indoda egibele ihhashi ithola amandla amakhulu - iba mude, isheshe futhi ibe namandla. Lokhu, ngendlela, kwakuqondwa kahle ngabantu basendulo, ngaphandle kwalokho kwakuzovelaphi umfanekiso we-centaur? I-centaur isidalwa esiwumlingo esinamandla angaphezu kwawomuntu, ijubane, nokuhlakanipha.

Ifilimu esinika iqoqo elikhulu lezithombe zabagibeli bamahhashi ithi The Lord of the Rings. Kusukela ku-Nazgul emnyama eyesabekayo kuya ku-Gandalf, umlingo omhlophe ovusiwe. Abagibeli bamahhashi, isibonelo, baqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi uGandalf ushayela ihhashi ngaphandle kwesihlalo netomu. Ingabe uPeter Jackson wenza lokhu ngamabomu? Futhi ingabe izibukeli ezijwayelekile ziyawaqaphela ama-nuances anjalo?

Izinto ezinjalo zifundwa ngokunembile. Alukho ulwazi olwengeziwe oludingekayo. Futhi, kunjalo, uJackson wenza lokhu ngenhloso - egibela ihhashi umlingisi ohlonishwayo we-Shakespearean u-Ian McKellen, ucabanga ngayo yonke imininingwane mayelana nendlela azobukeka ngayo ohlakeni. Esikrinini, sesivele sibona umphumela wokubonisana okude kakhulu, izingxoxo, nomsebenzi omningi wokulungiselela. Amahhashi kaTolkien abalulekile ngoba INkosi Yezindandatho iyinguqulo yengxenye yaseScandinavia yezinganekwane zaseSaxon, idluliselwe ezweni lezinganekwane lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ngaphandle kwamahhashi. Kubonakala kimi ukuthi ubuhlobo bukaGandalf nehhashi bubuyela ku-Odin, unkulunkulu omkhulu waseScandinavia, kanye no-Sleipnir, ihhashi lakhe lemilingo elinemilenze eyisishiyagalombili. Ezinganekwaneni zamaqaba, kubalulekile ukuthi izilwane nabantu bayalingana. Ngokungafani nobuKristu, lapho umuntu enomphefumulo, kodwa izilwane zibonakala zingekho, lapho u-Andrei Rublev Tarkovsky engakwazi ukuphula imilenze yehhashi ukuze abonise ukuphakama komuntu.

Impi ngamehlo ehhashi

Ake sikhulume nge-War Horse. Mhlawumbe, kubantu abaningi lesi yisithombe esidlulayo, kodwa hhayi kubathandi bamahhashi! Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi: kungani uSteven Spielberg azibophezela ukuyidubula ngokwakhe? Ngo-2010, usevele engumkhiqizi omkhulu, udubule ama-blockbusters amaningana ehlelo futhi, kubonakala sengathi useshilo konke ayefuna ukukusho ku-cinema. Futhi lapha, akagcini nje ngokuthatha idrama yezempi mayelana nehhashi, kodwa futhi uyazidubula, njengomqondisi?

Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, udinga ukuqonda Spielberg. Akadlali ingane yaphakade, unjalo impela. Akanaso isifiso "sombhali omkhulu waseYurophu" ofuna ukuziveza ngenye ifilimu, uthanda iphrojekthi entsha kalula, uthatha kalula izinto zomunye umuntu ("Ihhashi Lempi" yincwadi kaMark Morpurgo, umdlalo owenziwe esiteji). Kwaba okufanayo nangefilimu yakhe yokuqala. Imihlathi ithathelwe inoveli kaPeter Benchley. U-Spielberg wayesevele enesithakazelo ezilwaneni, ezimbi nezinhle. Futhi imikhondo yalolu thando ingalandelelwa kumafilimu akhe amaningi, kuze kufike ku-fox terrier onobuntu u-Milu ku-Adventures of Tintin.

Isakhiwo esiku "War Horse" siyamangalisa: yindaba yempi okungadluli muntu kuyo, njengoba sijwayele, kusukela kuHomer "Iliad", kodwa ihhashi. Lapha ihhashi lishintsha abantu, hhayi ngokuphambene. Futhi lo mbono muhle! Futhi nangaphandle kwepharadigm yesimanje ye-neo-humanistic, lapho kithi isilwane sibonakala sithakazelisa kakhulu kunomuntu, lokhu kuthakazelisa kakhulu njengokuhlehliswa kwesakhiwo sakudala. Futhi ngeke ngisho ukuthi lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa kumafilimu - ukudonsa ihhashi eliphilayo langempela kukho konke lokhu kudubula nemiphumela ekhethekile kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu owaxazululwa ngu-Spielberg. Okusho ukuthi, bekukhona nenselelo yobuchwepheshe. Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi uSpielberg uwuthathele phezulu lo mbono, wathandana nalo mlingiswa onemilenze emine, futhi wenza lesi sithombe sagcwaliseka.

Kusukela endaweni yokucabanga

Isanda kukhipha ifilimu entsha kaViggo Mortensen "Fall". Isenzo senzeka ngemuva kwesitebele. Ingabe kufanelekile ukufuna incazelo ekhethekile lapha emahhashini kule filimu?

Amahhashi awekho neze emamuvini kanjalo nje. Ziyisixhumanisi esiphilayo esixhumanisa umuntu nemvelo. Imvelo yinto yaphakade, futhi yaba khona ngaphambi kwabantu, futhi yini eyosala ngemva. Isikhumbuzo sesikhashana sethu. Kodwa umuntu unomphefumulo, ingqondo, nesiphiwo sokukhuluma. Ihhashi liphakathi nendawo, njengenja, ngendlela.

Sesike sasho ukuthi umuntu wesimanje uvamise ukubona ihhashi okokuqala ngqa e-cinema. Mhlawumbe kufanele futhi sibonge kuma-cinema ngokugcina amahhashi ezimpilweni zethu.

Ihhashi liyingxenye yokucabanga kwethu, ingxenye yomhlaba wethu, bekulokhu futhi lihlala lingumngane womuntu izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kuyacaca ukuthi indima yayo yomlando isishintshe kakhulu. Kodwa ukuba khona kwakhe yonke indawo kwezobuciko kuzohlala lapha. Uma ngolunye usuku abenzi bamafilimu benqatshelwe ukwenza amafilimu amayelana nesikhathi esedlule, ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi bangathola indlela yokuhlanganisa amahhashi esikhathini samanje noma esizayo. Kufana nama-dragons. Azibonakali zikhona, kodwa ubuciko buhlale buzibuyisela ekuphileni kwethu, zibenza babe yingxenye yomhlaba wethu. Ukuba khona kwangempela kwamahhashi kule planethi cishe akunamphumela wokuba khona kwehhashi emlandweni wezinganekwane zomcabango. Futhi i-cinema, ngisho namaqiniso kakhulu, ingeyomkhakha womcabango.

Umthombo: http://www.goldmustang.ru/